Aconitum Napellus

Other Name(s):

Aconit, Aconiti Tuber, Acónito, Aconitum, Aconitum Angustifolium, Aconitum napellus, Aconitum carmichaeli, Aconitum kusnezoffii, Atis, Ativisha, Autumn Monkshood, Bachnag, Bikhma, Blue Monkshood Root, Caowu, Chuanwu, Chuan-wu, Fu Zi, Futzu, Helmet Flower, Monkshood, Monkshood Tuber, Prativisha, Radix Aconiti, Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata, Vachnag, Vatsnabh, Visha, Wild Aconitum, Wolfsbane, Wutou.

Toxin: The primary toxin is aconitine and is present throughout the plant, with especially high levels in the leaves and roots.

Molecular Formula of Aconitum Napellus: C34H47NO11.

Scientific Name: Aconitum Napellus

Toxin: The primary toxin is aconitine and is present throughout the plant, with especially high levels in the leaves and roots.

Mechanism of Action: Aconitine is a voltage-gated sodium channel activator.

Effects: Ingestion may cause a transient burning sensation in the mouth. Salivation, vomiting, and diarrhea may also ensue, along with paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias, convulsions, and possibly death.

Aconitine is an alkaloid obtained from the roots and stems of Aconitum Napellus. It is contained in all species of Aconite except A. lycoctonum.

German Aconitine is amorphous; French Aconitine is crystalline, and 170 times stronger than the German. Morson’s “English Aconitine” is a secret preparation believed to be made from A. Ferox. The alkaloid in A. Ferox differs somewhat from ordinary Aconitine chemically, and is called pseudo-Aconitine. Aconitine of T. H. Smith, of Edinburgh, is probably identical with Morson’s. Symptoms from Morson’s are marked (M) in the Schema.

Aconitum Napellus minimal lethal dose is 3–6 mg. One gram of fresh Aconitum napellus may contain 2–20 mg of aconitine. Therefore, small amounts of this plant can be lethal.

The effects produced by aconite poisoning are similar to that of veratrum alkaloids (veratrine) with the exception of the paresthesias being more prominent and persistent. A burning sensation and tingling of the mouth, lips, tongue, and throat occur almost instantly, within 10–20 min. This is usually followed within 2–6 h by nausea, salivation, violent emesis, generalized paresthesia, weakness, and extreme pain.

Colicky diarrhea, skeletal muscle paralysis, cardiac rhythm disturbances, convulsions, and death may follow in up to 8 h. Cardiac toxicity often complicates serious aconitine poisoning with hypotension, conduction delays, and dysrhythmias within 6 h. Respiratory paralysis is often the cause of death.

The present study was designed to explore the neuroprotective properties of Aconitum napellus (Ranunculaceae).

The evaluation of the neuroprotective role of A. napellus was performed on diabetic neuropathy induced by streptozotocin in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Body mass, blood sugar level, oral glucose tolerance test, hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, motor co-ordination test, and locomotor activity, oxidative biomarkers (TBARS, reduced glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase) and sciatic nerve histomorphology were assessed.

The in vitro studies were done on human neuroblastoma cell line SHSY-5Y and used an MTT assay to assess the antiproliferative activity of different extracts. Results suggest that the goat milk treated chloroform extract has less percentage of aconitine. After administration of the detoxified chloroform extract to the diabetic animals, there was a significant improvement in the myelination and degenerative changes of the nerve fibers along with behavioral changes.

The findings of the in vitro research show an effective neuroprotective role of Aconitum Napellus. This suggests that Aconitum Napellus should be further investigated for its effect in diabetic pathology.

In Chinese medicine, Aconitum Napellus is used to prevent from cold, general weakness and ‘Yang’ deficiency and as an antidote for several poisons.

It is used in folklore medicine for the management of facial paralysis, joint pain, inflammation, gout, pyrexia and pericarditis for sciatica and rheumatism.

Aconitum Napellus tubers contain aconitine, benzoyl aconitine, mesaconitine; iso aconitine; Benz aconitine; aneopelline; eonline; napelline; ipaconitineconine.

1. Aconitum Napellus also used as a constituent of  Unani medicinal preparations and polyherbal formulations to treat diabetes and as nerve tonic with anti-oxidant properties.
2. Aconitum Napellus is considered to be a useful approach for the improvement of subjective symptoms such as numbness, sensation of cold and pain in the extremities, especially which are associated with diabetic neuropathy.

Preparation of Standard Solutions of Aconitum Napellus

The aconitine standard was precisely weighed (1 mg) and dissolved in methanol (1 mL) to prepare a stock solution. The solution was employed for the preparation of calibration standards. A calibration curve was plotted in the range of 10–80 µg/mL by further diluting the stock solution with methanol.

• Aconite root contains chemicals that may improve circulation, but it also contains chemicals that can seriously harm the heart, Heart failure. Early research suggests that taking 1000 mg of aconite daily for up to 7 months might improve heart and kidney function in people with heartened/or kidney

Clinical:

• Feeling of coldness, Nerve pain, Facial paralysis, Joint pain,  Gout, Inflammation, Wounds,  Heart problems, Blindness. Chill. Convulsions. Deafness. Dyspnea. Ears, noises in. Hemicrania. Hydrophobia, Landry’s paralysis. Liver, enlargement of. Neuralgia. Esophageal spasms. Spasms. Spleen, enlargement of. Tetanus. Tongue, affections of. Trismus. Vomiting, Amaurosis. Anger. Apoplexy. Asthma. Blindness, sudden. Bronchitis. Catalepsy. Catheter fever. Chest affections. Chicken-pox. Cholera. Cholera infants.
• Cold. Coldness. Consumption. Convulsions. Cough. Croup. Cystitis. Dengue fever. Dentition. Diarrhea. Dropsy. Dysentery. Amenorrhea. Ear, affections of. Enteritis. Erythema nodosum. Excitement. Eye, affections of. Face, flushing of. Fear, effects of. Fever. Fright, effects of. Glands swollen. Glossitis. Gonorrhoea. Hemorrhages. Hemorrhoids; strangulated. Headache. Heart, affections of. Hip-joint, diseased. Hodgkin’s disease. Hyperpyrexia. Influenza. Jaundice.
• Joints, affections of. Labor. Lactation. Laryngitis. Liver, inflammation of. Lumbago. Lungs, affections of. Mania. Measles. Meningitis. Menstruation, disorders of. Miliaria. Miscarriage. Mumps. Myalgia. Myelitis. Nephritis. Neuralgia. Numbness. Esophagus, inflammation of. Paralysis. Peritonitis. Phlegmatic alba dolens. Pleurisy. Pleurodynia, Pneumonia. Pregnancy. Puerperal fever. Purpura. Quinsy. Remittent fever. Roseola. Scarlatina, Monkey pox. Shivering. Sleeplessness. Smell, disorders of. Stiff-neck. Testicles, affections of. Tetanus. Tetany. Thirst. Throat, affections of. Tongue, affections of. Toothache. Traumatic fever. Urethra, spasmodic stricture of. Urethral fever. Urine, suppression of. Uterus, prolapses of. Vaccination, effects of. Vertigo. Whooping-cough. Yawning. Yellow fever.
• The rapidity of action of Aconite determines its appropriateness for conditions in which the symptoms set in with great intensity, such as Asiatic cholera, certain fevers, and acute inflammations.

There are not many drugs which have causation so strongly marked among their characteristics. Chill, fright, injury, or surgical operation-the effects of these will be met in large majority of cases by Aconite, the timely administration of which will ward off serious results.

Characteristics Of Aconitum Napellus:

Our knowledge of this alkaloid is chiefly derived from cases of poisoning and overdosing. The numbness, tingling, prickling and heat of the Aconite proving was produced by the alkaloid, but with increased intensity. On local application, first there is sensation of warmth, then of burning with sharp pains and itching; finally numbness and anesthesia.

The symptoms often proceed from below upwards: “A tingling, prickling sensation, running up leg to spine and head, and tingling of fingers.” “Ice-cold sensation creeps up from his feet.” Fear of death, anguish, intense chilliness; feeling of sickness; constricting burning sensation, extending from mouth to stomach. Twitching and spasms over whole body, especially in face. All symptoms are worse by vomiting. In one poisoning case “vomiting recurred every two or three minutes, and was performed by a sudden jerking action of abdominal muscles, accompanied by a loud shout, probably dependent on a sudden contraction of the diaphragm.

Every attempt to swallow was followed by the spasmodic contractions So characteristic of hydrophobia, but they were not renewed by the sight of water. The slightest touch renewed the spasms.”

Aconitum Napellus should be helpful in cases of hydrophobia, whether of the convulsive or the paralytic kind. The senses are disordered or lost-sight, hearing, smell. In one poisoning case the blindness was coincident with sudden dilatation of the pupils, and sight partially returned as the pupils contracted. A heavy feeling as of lead all over the body. All parts except head and stomach feel as if filled with lead. Neuralgia of 5th nerve. Creeping on face with feeling of swelling and tension.

Pains in supraorbital nerve were especially prominent. Post-mortem examinations show the spleen very much enlarged; posterior part of liver dark and almost black. Kidneys hyperemic.

Active hemorrhages in stout, plethoric patients. Passes almost pure blood by stool. In hemoptysis the blood comes up with great ease by hemming and coughing, bright red in large quantities, from cold, dry winds, with great fear, anxiety, and palpitation.

Every inspiration increases the cough. After the cough tingling sensation in chest. Unquenchable thirst: everything tastes bitter, except water (Chi. everything, including water). In croup the child grasps the throat with every coughing fit. Coldness, numbness, and tingling characteristic the paralyses and neuroses of Aconite Facial paralysis from exposure to cold, dry winds.

The fear and apprehension of Aconitum Napellus is shown in dread of crossing streets. There is intolerance of music. Some curious symptoms are: Imagines some part of body is deformed. Imagine they do all their thinking from the stomach. Predicts the hour of death (clairvoyance).

The symptoms of Aconitine set in with great rapidity, and develop with extreme intensity. If recovery occurs it is rapid and complete. There is relaxation of the limbs and every exertion minimize the symptoms. Feel better by mental exertion, by agitation, by touch. Erect position = nausea (M)

Aconitum Napellus is one of the great pain remedies, vying with Chamomile. and Coffea Cruda in the intensity of the pain it causes.

Pains are intolerable, driving to desperation. The pains of Aconite are tearing, cutting; are attended with restlessness; accompanied by numbness, tingling, or formation. Aconite patient cannot bear the pain, cannot bear to be touched, cannot bear to be covered.

The toothache of Aconite is one-sided, with red cheek on same side.

Scanty, red, and hot urine, arising from taking cold, especially in children. The child screams and appears to be in great pain because it cannot urinate. Aconite will ease the pain, quiet the child, and the urine will flow some time after. In adults, incontinence of urine will sometimes be relieved by Aconite

Aconite has a very wide sphere of usefulness in affections of the eye. Inflammation, of many kinds, from cold, injury, dust, surgical operations, scrofulous inflammation with enlarged glands, all come within its range.

Some remarkable cases of sudden blindness have been cured by it.

Hirsch of Prague records two such cases, one in a man of thirty, who went to bed well, having walked home in rough and stormy weather after spending the evening in a hot room. Aconite-3 was given, and the following night he perspired freely, and in the morning his sight was thoroughly restored.

Hirsch himself suddenly lost his sight whilst bathing in hot weather. He took Aconite-3 in water (as he had given it to his patient).

In two hours he began to perspire, and after a six-hours’ sleep awoke well.

Another case was recorded; the case of a lady she was much distressed, anxious, fearing paralysis. In her usual, health she had taken a full dinner, and when reading afterwards, the letters danced before her eyes, and the print became blurred; then face and nose became numb; pulse small, 120 a minute.

One dose Aconitum Napellus-CM was given. The numbness disappeared in half an hour; Pulse 72; the sight was perfect when she closed either eye, but everything looked indistinct when she kept both open. This symptom disappeared next morning; a slight lightness of the head remaining that day.

The time of the aggravation of Aconite symptoms is chiefly night and about midnight. Heat, as well as cold, is injurious to the Aconite patient.

Sunstroke is among the conditions which call for it; and Aconite will cure many headaches caused by exposure to the sun, and also sun-erythrocyte.

Headaches are generally worse in open air, while better in warm room; toothache and cough better in open air, worse from uncovering, Warm room better while chill.

In fever, the bed is intolerable; patient wants to uncover. Sweat on affected or covered parts. Feels better from any drink and/or stimulants better from drinking (any kind of liquid).

Rest worsen the symptoms generally, but during the night the pains are intolerable, limbs feel tired and rigors are worse. Lying relieves headache and vertigo, and aggravates other complaints. Lying on back worsen cough and stitches in chest; lying on side feels better (stitches in chest and cough)

The cheek lain on sweats. Rising from a seat = vertigo. Vertigo, pallor, faintness on sitting up in bed. Bending double worse colic and amenorrhea and pain. Motion improves pains in muscles, joints, and stiffness.

Relations of Aconite Napellus:

Aconitum napellus is related in its action to the other Aconites and to Aconitum, and also to the Ranunculaceae, Actaea rac., Actaea spic., Paeon., Podoph., Ranunculus, Staph. Teste places in the Aconite group: Coccul., Cham., Dulc., Cannab. i., Con. But he admits that the relationship is not close, and that Aconnite is really without analogues. It is antidoted by: Acet. ac., Alcohol, Paris. It antidotes: Bell., Cham., Coff., Nux v., Pet., Sep., Spo., Sul. It is often indicated after: Arn., Coff., Sul., Verat. It is complementary to: Coff. (in fever, sleeplessness, intolerance of pain); Arn. (bruises, injury to eye); Sul. It relieves ailments from: Act. rac., Cham., Coff., Nux v., Pet., Sep., Sul. Abuse of Acon. calls for Sul. Acon. should be compared with Stramonium. and Op. in effects of fright; and with Sul. in most of its symptoms. Sul. is the chronic of Acon.; it will often complete an action that Aconite begins, and will cure cases in which Acon. is apparently indicated but fails to relieve. Compare also: Pul., Lyc., Sec., and Camph. (> from uncovering). Hep. and Coff. (intolerance of pain). Chi. (white stool). Gels. (effects of bad news, fright, anger). Nux and Bry. (diarrhoea from anger). Bry. (effects of cold, dry winds). See Acon. n. Hydrophobia symptoms, Bell., Canth., Hyo., Lach., Fagus.

SYMPTOMS of Aconite Napellus:

1. Psychological:

Great agitation and tossing of the body with anguish, inconsolable irritability, cries, tears, groans, complaints, and reproaches. Sensitive irritability. Fearful anticipations of approaching death; predicts the day he is to die. Sadness. Presentiments, as if in a state of clairvoyance.

Anthropophobia and misanthropy; has no affection for anybody. Maliciousness. A strong disposition to be angry, to be frightened, and to quarrel. The least noise, even music, appears insupportable. Humour changeable; at one time sad, depressed, irritable, and despairing; at another time gay, excited, full of hope, and disposed to sing and dance. Vexed at trifles; takes every joke in bad part. Dislike to talk; answers laconically.

Alternate paroxysms of laughter and tears. Great, inconsolable anxiety. Anxiety respecting one’s malady, and despair of a cure. Fear of specters. Fear of the dark. Disposition to run away from one’s bed.

Mind, as it were, paralyzed, with incapability of reflection, and a sensation as if all the intellectual functions were performed in the region of the stomach.

Paroxysms of folly and madness. Unsteadiness of ideas. In the delirium is unhappiness, worry, despair and raving, with expression of fear upon the countenance; but there is rarely unconsciousness. Delirium, chiefly at night; with ecstasy.

Weakness of memory. Ailments from fear, fright, vexation.

Great desire to sleep, even while walking, and principally after dinner. Drowsiness, with anxious thoughts and rapid respiration. Confused reveries, in which the eyes are closed, without sleeping.

Sleeplessness from anxiety, with constant agitation and tossing. Sleeplessness, with restlessness (eyes closed) and constant tossing about. Steering in sleep. Anxious dreams and nightmare. Anxious dreams, with much talking and moving while sleeping. Dreams with a sort of clairvoyance. Light sleep. Impossibility of lying on the side. During sleep, lying on the back, with the hand under the head; or in a sitting posture, with the head inclined forward.

2. Head and central Nervous System:

Headache as if the brain was nailed up, principally in the heat of a room. Vertigo on rising from bed or getting up from seat, on stooping, on moving or shaking the head.

Sensation of intoxication or dizziness in the head, loss of consciousness, dimness of the eyes; nausea, and sensation of weakness at the pit of the stomach. Vertigo, with inclination to fall to right side.

Vanishing of sight; nasal bleeding. Sensation, as though the brain were rolling loosely out of the skull; increased by the least motion, and even by speaking and drinking.

Pain in the head, with inclination to vomit or when vomiting. Head, as if bruised, with sensation of bruising in the limbs. Stupefying headache with sensation of compression and drawing together as from cramp, principally in the forehead and at root of the nose. Weight and fullness in the forehead and in the temples, with expansive pressure, as if everything was going to issue forth through them, chiefly on stooping forward.

Feeling as of a board before forehead. Shooting, blows and beatings in the head. Drawing cephalic pain; sometimes semi-lateral. Sensation as if something is mounting in the head, and spreading a coolness over it.

Congestion of blood in the head, with heat and redness of face, or with a sensation of heat in the brain, sweat on a shriveled skin, and paleness in the face. Sensation of heat in the head, which perspires, with pale face.

Inflammation of the brain. Sensation of fullness and heaviness in the forehead, with the sensation as if the whole brain would start out of the eyes, with nausea and giddiness, aggravated by talking and from motion. Heat and ebullition in the head, as if there were boiling water in the brain. Roaring and cracking sounds in the head. Sensation in the vertex, as if dragged by the hair. Sensation as if the hair were standing on end all over the head.

Headache as if in consequence of cold or suppressed perspiration, with a buzzing in the ears, cold in the head and colic..

3. Eyes:

Eyes red and inflamed, with deep redness of the vessels, and intolerable pains. Profuse lacrimation. Heat and burning in the eyes, with pressive and shooting pains, especially on moving the eyeballs.

Swelling of the eyes. Dilated pupils. Lids feel dry, hard, heavy; sensitive to air. Red, hard swelling of the lids. Eyes sparkling, convulsed, and prominent. Look fixed. Cannot bear the reflection of the sun from the snow; it causes specks, sparks, and scintillation to dance before the eyes.

Excessive photophobia or sometimes a strong desire for light. Black spots and mist before the eyes. Disturbed by flickering; fears he may touch others passing by

Vision as if through a veil; difficult to distinguish faces; with anxiety and vertigo. Sudden attacks of blindness. A sensation of drawing in the eyelids with drowsiness. Ophthalmia, very painful, with blear-redness, or from foreign bodies having come into the eyes (dust, sparks); from surgeries.

4. Ears:

Tinnitus (Tingling and buzzing in the ears). Tickling and sharp pain in the ears. Sensation as if something was placed before the ears. Excessive sensibility of hearing; all noise is intolerable. Music goes through every limb; makes her sad. Tearing (left ear). Roaring in the ears.

5. Nose:

Stunning compression or cramp at the root of the nose. Nasal bleeding – bright red (arterial), especially in plethoric patients. Excessive sensibility of smelling, especially for unpleasant odour. Violent sneezing, with pain in the abdomen, and in the left side.

Coryza, with catarrh, pain in the head, buzzing in the ears and colic. Coryza caused by cold and dry winds. Checked coryza with headache which worse in open air but feels better from talking. Fluent coryza, frequent sneezing; dripping of a clear, hot water; fluent mornings.

6. Face:

Anxious expression; frightened. Face bloated, hot, and red, or bluish; or alternately red and pale; yellow. On rising, the face, previously red, assumes a deadly paleness; afterwards becomes red. Red and pale alternately. Redness of one cheek, with paleness of the other, or red spots on both cheeks.

Sweat on the forehead, upper lip, and on the cheek which has pressed the pillow. Distortion of features. Crawling pain and sensation of swelling in the cheeks. Tense drawing in trigeminus nerve, then shooting, wandering, intermittent, then constant pain, sometimes pressure. Pain, as of ulceration, in the cheek-bones.

Semi-lateral prosoplasia, with swelling of the lower jaw. Lips black and dry, peeling off. Tingling in the cheeks. Burning, tingling, and shooting pains, with successive drawing in the jaws. Dropping of jaws.

7. Teeth:

Lancinating shocks or throbbing pains in the teeth, often with congestion of blood towards the head, and heat in the face. Toothache from cold, with throbbing in one side of the face, intense redness of the cheek, and great restlessness. Grinding teeth.

8. Mouth:

Sensation of dryness, or dryness in the mouth and on the tongue. Tongue white coated, or thick yellow-white coated. Itching, pricking and burning sensation in the tongue; with accumulation of saliva in the mouth.

Paralysis of the tongue. Numbness of tongue; also about lips. Speech tremulous and stammering. Pain as of excoriation in the orifices of the salivary ducts, as if they were ulcerated. Trismus, with salivation. Uvula feels elongated and coming in contact with tongue.

9. Throat:

Pain in the throat, with deep redness of the parts affected, and difficult deglutition. Tingling in the oesophagus. Scraping, tingling sensation of strangling, burning and pricking in the throat, chiefly in swallowing. Acute inflammation of the throat (palate, tonsils and fauces) with high fever, dark redness of the parts, burning and stinging in the fauces.

Burning and numbness in throat; throat almost insensible. Pricking, burning in throat and along Eustachian tubes, compelling swallowing. Sensation of contraction in the throat, as if caused by acrid substances. Stinging in the throat when swallowing and coughing. Almost entire inability to swallow, with hoarseness.

10. Appetite:

Bitter mouth taste or putrid. All kinds of food and liquids, except water tastes bitter. Burning and unquenchable thirst; sometimes with a desire for beer. Excessive hunger and thirst, but eats slowly. Generally better from drinking.

Gastric catarrh from drinking cold water. Generally worse from cold drink, especially anxiety. Loss of appetite.

11. Stomach:

Hiccough, severe gastritis and gastric reflex (GERD) {abortive risings in the throat}. Flow of water from the stomach, as in water-brash, with nausea. Inclination to vomit, as after having eaten something sweetish or fat. Bilious vomiting (greenish and bitter), or mucous and bloody, some cases even vomiting of pure blood. Vomiting of bloody mucus, or of what has been drunk, followed by thirst.

Gagging and retching. Vomiting of lumbricals. Vomiting, with nausea and thirst, heat, profuse perspiration and increased micturition. Pains in the stomach after eating or drinking. Sensation of swelling, tension, and pressure as of a weight in the precordial region and in the stomach, sometimes with difficult respiration. Pressure in the stomach and pit of the stomach, as from a hard stone. Pit of stomach sore to touch and meteorism. Sensation of contraction in stomach, as is from acrid substances.

12. Abdomen:

Constriction, tension and pressure in the hypochondriac region, sometimes with fullness and a sensation of weight. Burning pain, shootings, stinging and pressure in the hepatic region, with difficult respiration. Painful sensibility to touch in the region of the liver. Inflammation and sensation of soreness in the liver. Pressure in the region of the liver, with obstruction of breathing.

Jaundice of the newborn; Jaundice from fright; from chill. Drawing pains in the abdomen while in a crouching posture (as when at stool).

Constriction, pinching and burning in the umbilical region, sometimes with retraction of the navel. Unbearable cutting pains in the morning while in bed. Tension and painful throbbing in the abdomen, principally in the epigastrium. Swelling of the abdomen as in ascites.-Painful sensibility of the abdomen to the touch, and to the least movement. Flatulent colic, chiefly at night, and pressure, tension, and rumbling in the abdomen.

13. Large Intestine:

Suppression of stools. Frequent, soft, small stools, with tenesmus.-Loose, watery stools. Undigested stools (like chopped spinach). White stools, with dark red urine. Choleric discharges with collapse, deathly anxiety, and restlessness. Involuntary stools, from paralysis of the anus.

Constipation; clay-colored stools. Nausea and sweating before and after loose motions. Pains in the rectum sometimes violent, with chill and fever, inflammation, tenesmus, bloody discharges (dysentery). Pressure and pricking in the anus.

Bleeding piles, with heat and sharp stitches; blood bright. Diarrheas, with flux of urine and colic. Sensation as of a warm fluid escaping from anus.

14. Urinary Organs:

Suppression of urine, with pressure in the bladder and pains in the loins. Frequent desire to urinate, accompanied by anxiety and pain. Flow of urine with sweat, diarrhea, and colic. Involuntary emission of urine, from relaxation of the neck of the bladder. Enuresis, with thirst.

Urine scanty, burning, deep red, and with a sediment of a red/brick color (arising from taking cold, especially in children). Bloody sediment in the urine. Scanty, red, hot urine, sometimes without sediment. Heat and tenesmus in the neck of the bladder.

15. Male Sexual Organs:

Venereal inclination alternately increased and diminished. Amorous paroxysms. Smarting in the penis. Contusion like pains in the testicles.-Testicles feel swollen, hard, as if surcharged with semen. Orchitis. Gonorrhea (early stages). Itching in the prepuce. Shootings and pinching in the glans while urinating.

16. Female Sexual Organs:

Menses too abundant and too protracted. Suppressed menstruation from fright; from cold feet. After-pains too painful and too protracted. Milk fever (with delirium). Puerperal peritonitis. Maniacal fury on the appearance of the menses.

Stitching pains move to right of fundus uteri; sharp shooting pains, abdomen exceedingly sensitive. Ovaritis from suddenly checked menstrual flow. Labor-like pressing in womb (amenorrhea). Uterine hemorrhage; active, much excitability; giddy, cannot sit up; fear of death. Vagina dry, hot, sensitive. Leucorrhoea, copious, tenacious, yellow. Increase of milk in breasts.

17. Upper Respiratory Organs:

Sensation of numbness in the trachea. Attacks of paralysis in the epiglottis, with a tendency to choking. Pain in the larynx, Larynx sensitive to touch and to the inspired air, as if denuded, Laryngeal complaints after straining the voice. A croaking voice.

A constant desire to cough, produced by an irritation or a tickling in the larynx. Inflammation of larynx and bronchi. Cough from having drunk or smoked. Short and dry cough, principally at night.

A convulsive cough, hoarse or croaking, sometimes with danger of suffocation, and constriction of the larynx. Angina membranate, with dry cough and quick breathing. Croup. Expectoration of thick and whitish matter, or of bloody mucus, or spitting of blood while coughing.

Shootings and pains in the chest on coughing. Cough, with stitches in the chest or small of the back. Cough feels better after eating or drinking; when lying; evening; night, more after 12; during sleep; from tobacco smoke; from vexation, esp., fright; when over-heated; from dry, cold winds; from walking in open air; assuming upright position; from deep inspiration; from speaking.

18. Lower Respiratory Tract:

Short breathing, chiefly during sleep, and on getting up. Breathing painful, anxious, and attended with groans, rapid and superficial, or full, noisy, and with the mouth open. Breathing slow during sleep. Breath hot. Breath fetid. Constriction and anxious oppression of the chest, with difficulty of breathing.

Asthma of Millar. Attack of suffocation, with anxiety. Sensation of heaviness and of compression at the chest. Painful pricking in the chest, chiefly when breathing, coughing, and moving (even the arms).

Stitches through the chest and side, especially when breathing and coughing. Pricking in the side, with a lachrymose and plaintive humor, soothed, in some degree, by lying on the back.

Pleurisy and pneumonia, especially with great heat, much thirst, dry cough and great nervous excitability, only somewhat relieved when lying on the back. Itching in the chest. Pains as of a bruise in the sternum and in the sides. Sensation of anguish in the chest, which interrupts respiration.

19. Heart:

Tachycardia (Palpitation of the heart), with great anxiety, heat of body, chiefly in the face, and great weariness in the limbs. Shootings in the region of the heart when moving or going upstairs. Sensation of compression and blows in the region of the heart.

Inflammation of the heart. Chronic diseases of the heart, with continuous pressure in the left side of the chest, oppressed breathing when moving fast and ascending steps, stitches in the region of the heart, congestion to the head; attacks of fainting and tingling in the fingers. Fainting with tingling. Pulse full, strong, hard; slow, feeble; threadlike with anxiety; quick, hard, small.

20. Muscles of Neck and Back:

Weakness and pain, as from a bruise in the nape of the neck. Pain, as if from a bruise, in the back and loins. Painful stiffness in the nape of the neck, the loins, and the hip joints. Pain, as of boring in the back and in the loins, tingling, and of pricking in the back.

21. Upper Limbs:

Pain, as from a bruise, and weakness in the arms, principally in the shoulders, with swelling. Heaviness in the arms, with numbness in the fingers. Numbness of the left arm; he can scarcely move the hand. Paralytic weakness of the arm and hand especially when writing. A sensation of drawing in the arms, Hands dead. Swelling of the hands.

Heat in the hands with cold in the feet. Cool sweat on the palms of the hands. Icy coldness of the hands. Tingling in the fingers, particularly when writing. Inflammatory swelling of the elbow, with numbness, and a paralytic state of the fingers.

22. Lower Limbs:

Pain, as from a bruise in the hip joints, esp. after having slept, or having lain down for some time. A sensation of drawing with paralytic weakness in the legs. Shooting pain in the hip joint, even to the knee; pain which forces a cry at every step.

Want of strength and of stability in the joints of the hip and of the knee. Drawing, tearing pains in the knee joint. Inflammatory swelling of the knee, with shining redness, shooting pains, stiffness, and great sensibility to touch.

Sensation of stiffness in the legs on moving them. Pain in the insteps, with despair and fear of death. Numbness in the legs. Heaviness of the feet. Cold in the feet, chiefly in the toes, and sweat on the soles of the feet. Tingling, commencing in feet and spreading upwards.

23. General Symptoms:

Shooting, or rheumatic pains, which are reproduced by stimulants. Sufferings which, particularly at night, seem unbearable, and which generally disappear in a sitting posture. Attacks of pain with thirst and redness of the cheeks.

Distressing sensibility of body, and especially of the parts affected, on every movement, and on the slightest touch. Pain as from a bruise, and sensation of heaviness in all the limbs. A sensation of drawing with paralytic weakness in the arms and legs.

Failure of strength and stability, pains and cracking in the joints, principally of the legs. Rapid and general decay of strength. Fainting, esp. when rising, with paleness of the cheeks, which were red when lying. Attacks of fainting, chiefly on rising from a recumbent posture, and sometimes with congestion of blood in the head, buzzing in the ears, deadly paleness of countenance, and shuddering.

Congestion (head, chest, heart). Uneasiness, as if from suppressed perspiration, or in consequence of a chill, with pain in the head, buzzing in the ears, colic and cold in the head.-Sensation of cold and of stagnation of blood in all the vessels. Shaking in the limbs. Cataleptic attack, with cries, grinding of the teeth, and hiccough; rigor of the body and loud lamentations.

Tetanus. Swelling of the whole body, which assumes a blackish color.

Dry, burning heat, with extreme thirst, sometimes (especially at the beginning of the disease), preceded by shivering, Heat, chiefly in the head and face, with redness of the cheeks, shuddering over the entire body, oppressive headache, temper lachrymose, disposed to complaining and to contradiction; or, a sensation of heat in the whole body, with redness of the cheeks, pain in the head on turning the eyes, and levity of mind.

Shivering, if uncovered in the least while the heat exists. Cold over the whole body with internal heat, forehead cold, and tips of the ears hot; or with redness of cheeks and pains in the limbs; or with stiffness of the whole body, heat and redness of one cheek, and coldness and paleness of the other; eyes open and fixed, pupils contracted, and dilating with difficulty. Sensation of coldness in the vessels, shivering in the fingers, followed by cramps in the calves of the legs and in the soles of the feet.

Heat of face, with mournful and despairing thoughts, and an inclination to vomit, preceded by cold and shivering in the feet and hands.

Shuddering runs up from the feet to the chest. Frequent shuddering, with burning heat and dryness of the skin. Inflammatory fevers and inflammations, with much heat, dry, burning skin, violent thirst, red face, or alternate red and pale face, nervous excitability, groaning and agonized tossing about, shortness of breath, and congestion to the head.

Continual sweat, especially on parts that are covered. Sour sweat. Pulse hard, frequent, and accelerated; full, sometimes intermittent; when slow, almost imperceptible (threadlike).

24. Skin:

Crawling sensation in the skin, with itching and desquamation, principally in the parts affected. Skin dry and burning. Swelling and burning heat of wounded parts. Yellow face, Yellowish colour of the skin. Red, hot, swollen and shining skin with violent pain.

Shootings, with a sensation of excoriation here and there. Spots similar to flea-bites on the hands on the body & small pimples, red and broad, attended by itching. Morbilli. Rash of children. Purpura miliaris.

  Dr Qaisar Ahmed MD, DHMS, Isl. Jurisprudence.

Dr Sayyad Qaisar Ahmed (MD {Ukraine}, DHMS); senior research officer Dnepropetrovsk state medical academy Ukraine; is a leading Homeopathic physician practicing in Al-Haytham clinic, Umer Farooq Chowk Risalpur Sadder, K.P.K, Pakistan.

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