The normal iron content of the body is three to four grams. The body loses one mg of iron daily from sweat and cells that are shed from the skin and the inner lining of the intestines. Women also lose one mg of iron daily on average from menstruation. In normal adults, the intestines absorb one mg of iron daily from food to replace the lost iron, and therefore, there is no excess accumulation of iron in the body. When iron losses are greater, more iron is absorbed from food.

In individuals with hereditary hemochromatosis, the daily absorption of iron from the intestines is greater than the amount needed to replace losses. Since the normal body cannot increase iron excretion, the absorbed iron accumulates in the body. At this rate of iron accumulation, a person with hemochromatosis can accumulate 20 grams of total body iron by age 40 to 50. This excess iron deposits in the joints, liver, testicles, and heart, causing damage to these organs.

Women with hemochromatosis accumulate iron at a slower rate than men because they lose more iron than men due to iron loss from menstruation and breastfeeding. Therefore, they typically develop signs and symptoms of organ damage later than men.

Hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disorder, which means an individual has the possibility of developing iron overload only when a pair of abnormal genes are inherited from both parents. (An autosomal recessive disorder is different from autosomal dominant disorder in which individuals can develop disease by inheriting a single abnormal gene from only one parent.)

The human body is composed of trillions of cells. Inside the inner core (nucleus) of each cell are chromosomes. Every human cell has two sets of 23 chromosomes (total of 46 chromosomes). Each set is inherited from one parent. Chromosomes contain DNA that carries genes that govern all bodily functions including cell metabolism, appearance, height, intelligence, hair and eye color, and other physical traits. Defects in DNA (also called mutations) are passed from one generation to the next, and sometimes can cause diseases.

There are primarily two mutations associated with hereditary hemochromatosis; C282Y and H63D. The numbers 282 and 63 designate the location of the defects on the HFE gene located on chromosome number 6. An individual who inherits two C282Y mutations (one from each parent) is called a C282Y homozygote, and has a significant chance of developing hemochromatosis. In fact, C282Y homozygotes account for the majority of cases of hereditary hemochromatosis.

Patients who inherit one C282Y mutation from one parent and another H63D mutation from another parent are called compound heterozygotes, accounting for a small number of the cases of hereditary hemochromatosis.

Patients with early hemochromatosis have no symptoms and are unaware of their condition. The disease may then be suspected when elevated iron blood levels are noted by routine blood testing.

• In men, symptoms may not appear until 30-50 years of age. Iron deposits in the skin cause darkening of the skin. Since females lose iron through menstrual blood loss, non menstruating women develop symptoms 15 to 20 years later.
• Iron deposits in the pituitary gland and testicles cause shrinkage of the testicles and impotence.
• Iron deposits in the pancreas cause a decrease in insulin production resulting in diabetes.
• Iron deposits in the heart muscle can cause cardiomyopathy and lead to heart failure as well as abnormal heart rhythms.
• Iron accumulation in the liver causes scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) and an increased risk of developing liver cancer.

Most patients with hemochromatosis are diagnosed between the ages of 30 and 50; and about 75% have no symptoms. Hemochromatosis is discovered when elevated levels of iron in the blood are found as part of routine blood testing; or when blood iron levels are measured as in screening studies in family members of patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. Some patients are diagnosed as having hemochromatosis when their doctors perform blood iron levels as part of the evaluation for abnormal elevations in blood levels of liver enzymes, AST and ALT. However, symptoms of skin bronzing or hyperpigmentation (about 70% eventually develop this symptom), diabetes, liver disease, arthropathy, hypogonadism, cardiomyopathy, and impotence or no menstrual periods (amenorrhea) may be present and may suggest that additional screening tests such as transferrin saturation and other blood and liver tests be ordered.

Ferritin Levels

Ferritin blood test (Ferritin measures the level of iron in blood)

High levels of ferritin can be indicative of an iron storage disorder such as hemochromatosis.

The symptoms arise because iron accumulates in the organs and leads to destruction and loss of normal function.

Other causes of a high ferritin level are chronic inflammatory conditions such as liver disease or rheumatoid arthritis, or some types of cancer.

Blood iron tests

There are several blood tests that reflect the amount of iron in the body; ferritin level, iron level, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation.

Ferritin is a blood protein whose levels correlate with the amount of iron stored in the body. Blood ferritin levels usually are low in patients with iron deficiency anemia, and are high in patients with hemochromatosis and other conditions that cause an increase in body iron levels. Since ferritin also can be elevated in certain infections like viral hepatitis and other inflammatory conditions in the body, an elevated ferritin level alone is not sufficient to accurately diagnose hemochromatosis.

Serum iron, TIBC, and transferrin saturation are often performed together. Serum iron is the measure of the amount of iron in serum (the liquid portion of the blood).

TIBC is a measure of the total amount of iron that can be carried in serum by transferrin, a protein that carries iron in serum from one part of the body to another. Transferrin saturation is a number calculated by dividing serum iron by TIBC – it is a number that reflects what percentage of the transferrin that is being used to transport iron.

In healthy individuals the transferrin saturation is between 20% and 45%. In patients with iron deficiency anemia, the serum iron and transferrin saturation are abnormally low; and in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis the serum iron and transferrin saturation may be abnormally high. Consequently, if transferrin saturation is about 45% or higher, the presence of mutations C282Y or H63D should be examined to confirm the diagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis.

Since serum iron can be elevated by eating and can fluctuate during the day, serum iron measurements should be done fasting.

Liver biopsy

The most accurate test for diagnosing hemochromatosis used to be the measurement of the iron content of liver tissue obtained by a biopsy. A liver biopsy involves the removal of a sample of liver tissue for analysis and is usually performed with a needle under local anesthesia. After numbing the skin and the underlying tissues, the doctor inserts the needle into the liver through the right lower rib cage, sometimes under ultrasound guidance. The tissue obtained by the needle is studied under a microscope for signs of active liver disease, fibrosis and cirrhosis (permanent scarring), and iron content (usually significantly elevated in hemochromatosis).

The liver biopsy also has prognostic value because it determines whether the patient already has irreversible advanced cirrhosis. Patients with hemochromatosis who have a normal liver biopsy have longevity similar to other healthy adults if adequately treated, while patients with cirrhosis as a result of hemochromatosis have significantly reduced longevity. Furthermore, the risks of cirrhotic patients developing liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) are substantially higher than normal subjects, even with adequate treatment of the iron overload with phlebotomy. However, with the newer genetic testing, this invasive technique should be used only under certain conditions and is used infrequently.

Genetic Tests

The gene for hereditary hemochromatosis is referred to as the HFE gene. Hereditary hemochromatosis is associated in most patients with two mutations of the HFE gene; C282Y and H63D. Currently, most investigators consider detection of these genes as diagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis.

A C282Y homozygote is a person who has inherited one mutated C282Y gene from each parent. A C282Y homozygote is considered at considerable risk for developing iron overload disease. However, not every C282Y homozygote develops iron overload.

A C282Y/H63D compound heterozygote is a person who has inherited one mutated C282Y gene from one parent and a second mutated H63D gene from the other parent. Most compound heterozygotes have normal iron levels though some can develop mild to moderate iron overload.

A C282Y heterozygote is a person who has inherited one mutated C282Y gene from one parent and a second normal HFE gene from the other parent. Children born of two C282Y heterozygotes have a 25% chance of being a C282Y homozygote and, therefore, will be at risk of developing hemochromatosis. A C282Y heterozygote does not develop iron overload.

An algorithm for diagnosing hereditary hemochromatosis is as follows:

1. Adults suspected of having hereditary hemochromatosis (for example, adult, first-degree relatives of a patient with hereditary hemochromatosis) are evaluated by measurements of fasting serum iron, TIBC, transferrin saturation and ferritin.
2. Patients with elevated serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation of greater than 45% are evaluated by genetic testing
3. Patients with transferrin saturation greater than 45% who are C282Y homozygotes have hemochromatosis and, therefore, should be treated with therapeutic phlebotomy.

Who should undergo liver biopsy?

Not all patients with hemochromatosis need liver biopsy. The purpose of liver biopsy is to identify those patients with cirrhosis and to exclude other possible liver diseases. (Patients with hemochromatosis and cirrhosis are at increased risk of complications, especially liver cancer.)

Young patients (<40 years of age) who are C282Y homozygotes with normal liver blood tests and serum ferritin levels <1000 ng/ml have a very low risk of having cirrhosis of the liver. Therefore, these patients can be treated with therapeutic phlebotomy without a liver biopsy. Their prognosis is excellent with adequate treatment.

Older patients (>40 years of age) who have serum ferritin levels >1000 ng/ml, and have abnormally elevated liver blood tests may already have developed cirrhosis. Doctors may recommend liver biopsies in these patients provided that it is safe for them to undergo liver biopsy.

The most effective treatment for hemochromatosis is to reduce iron in the body by phlebotomy or Hijama (withdrawal of blood). One unit of blood, which contains 250 mg of iron, usually is withdrawn every one to two weeks. Serum ferritin and transferrin saturation are checked every two to three months. Once ferritin levels are below 50 ng/ml and transferrin saturations are below 50%, the frequency of phlebotomies are reduced to every two to three months. When hemochromatosis is diagnosed early and is treated effectively, damage to the liver, heart, testicles, pancreas and joints can be prevented completely, and patients maintain normal health.

In patients with established cirrhosis, effective treatment can improve the function of the heart, skin color, and diabetes. With allopathic treatment, cirrhosis is irreversible and the risk of developing liver cancer remains.

• A normal balanced diet is recommended without avoidance of iron containing foods provided patients are undergoing effective therapeutic phlebotomy/Hijama.
• Alcohol should be avoided since alcohol consumption increases the risk of developing cirrhosis and liver cancer.
• Ingestion of high doses of vitamin C in individuals with iron overload may lead to fatal abnormal heart rhythms. Therefore, it is reasonable to avoid vitamin C supplementation until patients are adequately treated.
• Raw seafood should be avoided since people with hemochromatosis are at risk of acquiring bacterial infections that flourish in iron rich environment.

Liver cancers (hepatoma or hepatocellular cancer) mainly occur in patients with cirrhosis. Therefore, patients with hemochromatosis and cirrhosis should have abdominal ultrasound examinations and blood tests for alpha-fetoprotein (a protein produced by liver cancer) every six months.

Homeopathic treatment for Hereditary Hemochromatosis

The selection of remedy is based upon the theory of individualization and symptoms similarity by using holistic approach to remove all the sign and its underlying cause and individual susceptibility and symptoms from which the patient is suffering.

Hera are few medicines to cure hemochromatosis. Avoid self medication, consult a qualified homeopathic doctor.

Argentum Nitricum

Epithelium affected (cancers). Excessive congestion of blood to the head (severe headaches). Staggers on stooping. Pressing boring pains, in small spots; in bones, in joints, in neck and shoulders. Acute granular conjunctivitis, conjunctiva intensely pink, or scarlet red. Nasal discharges with blood clots. Gums swollen, inflamed, bleed easily, painful when touched. Dry tongue with thirst. Irresistible desire for sugar. Gastritis. Eating disorders. Gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD). Hepatic diseases. Pancreatic diseases. Chancre-like ulcer on prepuce. Scrotum pain. Painful coition. Hematuria. PCOS. Uterine prolapsus. Ovoryan pains.

Spasmodic asthma. Tachycardia with nausea. Bradycardia. Angina pectoris. Wart-shaped excrescences. Skin blue-grey, violet, or bronze to real black. Bluish-black eruption. Itching. Itching pimple. Impetigo. Zona. Smallpox. Erysipelas. Urticaria. Skin brown, tense, and hard. Warts.

Arsenic Iodatum

Acne rosacea Aneurysm. Angina pectoris. Breast tumours. Bronchitis. Cancer. Catarrh. Consumption. Debility. Dropsy. Epithelioma. Gastritis. Hay-fever. Heart diseases. Hydrothorax. Laryngitis. Leucocythaemia. Lichen. Distressing nausea and vomiting. Liver infections. Intense thirst with uncontrollable desire for cold water. Lungs infections. Measles. Otorrhoea. Pneumonia. Rheumatism. Scrofulous ophthalmia. Syphilis. Lump in mamma, sensitive to touch and painful. Hacking cough. Asthma. Chronic bronchitis. Pneumonia. Cardiac weakness. Persistent itching of various parts of body, most of back. Chronic skin infections. Psoriasis.

Calcarea Arsenicosa

Acidity. Albuminuria. Asthma. Cholera. Cirrhosis of liver. No appetite. Great thirst. Gastric ulcer with scanty menses. Pancreatic disease (cancer); with burning pain and albuminuria. Enlarged liver and spleen in children. Constipation. Consumption. Corpulency. Dropsy. Embolus. Epilepsy. Gastric ulcer. Headache. Heart disease. Indigestion. Intermittent fever. Kidneys infections. Liver infections. Obesity. Palpitation. Pancreatic cancer. Tumours. Typhoid. Swelling of inguinal glands with tearing pains in legs.

Micturition. Albuminuria. In ladies –  bearing-down, prolapsus vaginae. Midnight asthma. Burning – shooting cardiac pain. Heart diseases. Pain in arms, neck and shoulders. knees, hips, fingers (rheumatoid arthritis),. Lumbalgia. Insomnia.

China Officianalis

Abscess. Alcoholism. Amblyopia. Anaemia. Aphthae. Apoplexy Appetite, disordered. Asthma. Back, weakness of. Bilious attack. Catarrhal affections. Coma. Constipation. Cough. Debility. Delirium. Diarrhoea. Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). Dropsy. Hepatic diseases. Spleen diseases. Dyspepsia. Ears deafness. Tinnitus. Emissions. Empyema. Erysipelas. Blue color around eyes. Hollow eyes. Yellowish sclerotica. Facial neuralgia. Gall-stone colic. Haemorrhages. Haemorrhoids. Headache. Hectic fever. Hip-joint disease. Ichthyosis. Impotence. Influenza. Intermittent fever. Jaundice. Labour. Lactation. Leucorrhoea. Lienteria. Liver cirrhosis. Meniere’s disease. Menstruation disorder. PSOD. Bloody leucorrhoea. Muscae volitantes. Neuralgia. Peritonitis. Excessive perspiration. Pleurisy. Prosopalgia. Psoriasis. Rheumatism. Self-abuse. Insomnia. Spermatorrhoea. Fits of suffocation. Taste disorder. Tea toddler. Thirst. Tinnitus. Tobacco habit. Traumatic fever. Tympanitis. Varicose veins. Vertigo. Heart irregular with weak rapid beats followed by strong, hard beats. Cardiac asthma.

Cuprum Mettallicum

After-pains. Angina pectoris. Asthma. Asthma millari. Face distorted, pale bluish, with blue lips. Cardialgia. Angina pectoris. Slow pulse; or hard, full and quick. Palpitation, praecordial anxiety and pain. Fatty degeneration. Cardiac asthma. Skin bluish like marble. Ulcers, itching spots, and pimples at the folds of joints. Chronic psoriasis and lepra. Catarrh. Chlorosis. Cholera. Yellowish complexion. Middle of lower lip cracked. Vesicular erysipelas, with pricking in parts. Eating disorders. Gastritis.  Hepatitis. Hepatic abscess; abdomen distended, tense; chronic abdominal affections. Undigested stools. Clay colored stools. Herpes zoster. Bloody herpes. Skin abscesses; suppurating glands are very sensitive. Papules prone to suppurate and extend. Angioneurotic oedema.  Chorea. Convulsions. Cough. Suffocative attacks. Cramps. Cyanosis. Dentition. Dyspnoea. Hepatomegaly, tympanic painful abdomen. Emissions. Epilepsy. Eruptions. Erysipelas. Fainting. Gastric disturbance. Gout. Haematemesis. Herpes. Hysteria. PSOs. Severe anemia.  Inflammations. Mania. Measles. Meningitis. Neuralgia. Palpitation. Paralysis. Pneumonia. Psoriasis. Ringworm. Sleeplessness. Spasms. Spinal irritation. Ulcers. Whooping-cough. Yellow fever.

Hepar Sulphuricu

Boring pain in upper orbital bones. Pustules in auditory canal and auricle. Mastoiditis. Sweat – profuse, offensive, sticky. Unhealthy skin; every little injury suppurates. Chapped skin, with deep cracks on hands and feet. Ulcers, with bloody suppuration, smelling. Acne in youth. Suppurate with prickly pain. Easily bleed. Dry cough. Croup. Laryngitis.

Hydrastis Canadensis

Eruption like variola. Lupus; ulcers, cancerous formations. General tendency to profuse perspiration and unhealthy skin. Ears roaring. Muco-purulent discharge. Deafness. Eustachian infection. Tongue white, swollen, large, flabby, slimy; shows imprint of teeth. Follicular pharyngitis. Atonic dyspepsia. Ulcers and cancer. Gastritis. Liver torpid, tender. Jaundice. Gallstones. Rectum prolapsed; anus fissured. Constipation. Gleety discharge in urine.

Erosion and excoriation of cervix. Leucorrhoea – Acrid and corroding, shreddy, tenacious. Menorrhagia. Pruritus vulvae. Sexual excitement. Tumor of breast; nipple retracted.

Chest raw, sore, burning. Dry, harsh cough. Chronic bronchial infections. Bronchitis in old, exhausted persons, with thick, yellow, tenacious expectoration. Frequent fainting spells, with cold sweat all over. Feels suffocating when lying on left side. Pain from chest to left shoulder.

Muriatic Acid

Papular and vesicular eruptions, with great itching. Carbuncles; foul-smelling ulcers on lower extremities. Scarlet fever, livid, with petechiae; scanty eruption. Eczema on back of hands. Extremities heavy, painful, and weak. Tottering gait. Pain in tendo-Achilles. Heart: Pulse rapid, feeble, and small. Intermits every third beat. Cannot urinate without having bowels move at same time. PCOs. Leucorrhoea. During menses rectal soreness. Genital ulcer. Uvula swollen. Ulcers and false membrane. Edematous, dark, raw. Attempted swallowing produces spasm and choking. Epistaxis. Eating disorders.

Haemorrhoids most sensitive to all touch; even toilet paper is painful. Anal itching and prolapsus while urinating. Haemorrhoids during pregnancy; bluish, hot with violent stitching pains.

Phosphorus

Wounds bleed very much, even if small; they heal and break out again. Jaundice. Little ulcer outside of large ones. Petechiae. Ecchymosis. Purpura hemorrhage. Scurvy. Fungus haematodes and excrescences.

Hunger soon after eating. Sour taste and sour eructations. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Vomiting. Cardiac opening feels contracted. Inflammation of stomach, adidity, acidic (burning) bowels. Bad effects of eating too much salt. Gastric ulcers. Liver congested. Acute hepatitis. Fatty degeneration. Jaundice. Pancreatic disease. Large yellow spots on abdomen.

Very fetid stools and flatus. Long, narrow, hard, like a dog’s. Difficult to expel. Desire for stool on lying on, left side. Painless, copious debilitating diarrhoea. Green mucus with grains like sago. Involuntary. Great weakness after stool. Bloody stool. White, hard stools. Bleeding haemorrhoids.

Violent heart palpitation with anxiety, while lying on left side. Pulse rapid, small, and soft. Cardiomegaly. Feeling of warmth in heart. Hoarseness. Larynx very painful. Clergyman’s sore throat. Aphonia, worse evenings, with rawness. Cannot talk on account of pain in larynx. Cough. Croup. Congestion of lungs. Sharp stitches in chest; respiration quickened, oppressed.

Pneumonia, with oppression. Sputa rusty, blood-colored, or purulent. Tuberculosis (Do not give it too low or too frequently here, it may but hasten the destructive degeneration of tubercular masses). Repeated haemoptysis. Burning in back; pain as if broken. Weak spine.

Ascending sensory and motor paralysis from ends of fingers and toes. Stitches in elbow and shoulder joints. Burning of feet. Weakness and trembling, from every exertion. Tibia inflamed and necrosed. Arms and hands numbness. Post-diphtheritic paralysis. Joints suddenly give way.

Great drowsiness, drowsiness after meals. Coma vigil. Insomnia in old people. Goes to sleep late and awakens weak.

Temperature every evening. Unnatural hunger. Hectic, with small, quick pulse; viscid night-sweats. Stupid delirium. Profuse perspiration. Pale, sickly complexion; blue rings under eyes. Hippocratic countenance. Tearing pain in facial bones; circumscribed redness in one or both cheeks. Swelling and necrosis of lower jaw. Mouth swelled and easily bleeding gums, ulcerated. Tongue dry, smooth, red or white, not thickly coated. Dryness in pharynx and fauces.

Arsenic Album

Itching, burning, swellings; edema, eruption, popular, dry, rough, scaly skin. Malignant pustules with offensive discharge. Anthrax. Non Healing wounds. Tetanus. Urticaria. Psoriasis. Dandruff. Epithelioma of the skin. Gangrenous inflammations. High temperature. Periodicity marked with adynamia. Septic fevers. Intermittent. Hay-fever. Cold sweats. Typhoid. Complete exhaustion. Delirium. Restlessness. Face swollen, pale, yellow, cachectic, sunken, cold, and covered with sweat. Expression of agony.

Tearing needle-like pains; burning. Lips black, livid. Angry, circumscribed flush of cheeks. Skin within ears raw and burning. Thin, excoriating, offensive otorrhoea. Roaring in ears, Tinnitus. Eyes burning, with burning lachrymation. Lids red, ulcerated, scabby, scaly, granulated. Edema around eyes. Corneal ulceration. Intense photophobia; better external warmth. Ciliary neuralgia, with fine burning pain.

Suffocation. Air-passages constricted. Asthma worse midnight. Suffocative catarrh. Expectoration scanty, frothy. Wheezing respiration. Haemoptysis with pain between shoulders; burning heat all over. Diphtheria.

Heart palpitation, pain, dyspnoea, faintness, irritable. Cyanosis. Fatty myocardial degeneration. Angina pectoris.

Back weakness, pain in shoulders. Extremities trembling, twitching, spasms, weakness, heaviness, uneasiness. Cramps in calves. Swelling of feet. Sciatica. Burning pains. Peripheral neuritis. Diabetic gangrene. Paralysis of lower limbs with atrophy. PCODs. Menses too profuse and too soon. Ovarian burning. Leucorrhoea, acrid, burning, offensive, thin; causes great fatigue. Menorrhagia with stitching pain in pelvis radiating to thigh. Urine scanty, burning, involuntary. Bladder weakness (like paralyzation). Albuminuria. Epithelial cells in urine. UTI. Hematuria. Bright’s disease. Diabetes.

Great thirst; drinks much, but little at a time. Nausea, retching, vomiting, after eating or drinking. Stomach burning pain. Acidity. Long-lasting eructations. Vomiting of blood, bile, green mucus, or brown-black mixed with blood (gastric ulcers). Gastralgia from slightest food or drink. Dyspepsia from vinegar, acids, ice-cream, ice-water, tobacco. Liver and spleen enlarged and painful. Ascites and anasarca. Rectum painful, spasmodic protrusion of rectum. Tenesmus. Burning pain and pressure in rectum and anus.

Stool  small, offensive, dark, with much prostration. Dysentery dark, bloody and offensive. Cholera, with intense agony, prostration, and burning thirst. Body cold as ice. Burning haemorrhoids which relieved by heat. Skin excoriated about anus.

Thuja Occidentalis

Skin: Polypi, tubercles, warts epithelioma, naevi, carbuncles; ulcers, especially in ano-genital region. Freckles and blotches. Perspiration sweetish, and strong. Skin dry, with brown spots. Zona. Herpes zoster, herpetic eruptions. Glands inflammation. Nails crippled; brittle and soft. Sarcoma; polypi. Brown spots on hands and arms.

Complete loss of appetite. Severe acidity. Cutting pain in epigastrium. Dispepsia. Tea-drinking dyspepsia. Chronic diarrhoea. Discharges forcibly expelled; gurgling sound. Brown spots. Flatulence rumbling and colic. Constipation, with violent rectal pain. Piles swollen; pain worse sitting, with stitching, burning. Anus fissure; painful.s.

Dry hacking cough. Asthma. Papilloma of larynx. Chronic laryngitis. When walking, limbs feel as if made of wood or glass, and would break easily. Tips of fingers swollen, red, feel read. Muscular twitchings, weakness and trembling. Cracking in joints. Pain in heels and tendo-Achilles. Nails brittle. Ingrowing toe nail.

Inflammation of prepuce and glans; pain in penis. Balanitis. Gonorrhoeal rheumatism. Gonorrhoea. Chronic induration of testicles. Pain and burning felt near neck of bladder, with frequent and urgent desire to urinate. Prostatic enlargement.

Vagina sensitivity. Warty excrescences on vulva and perineum. Profuse leucorrhoea; thick, greenish. Severe ovarian pain. Menses scanty, retarded. Polypi; fleshy excrescences. Ovaritis. Profuse perspiration before menses.

Ciliary neuralgia; iritis. Eyelids agglutinated, dry, scaly. Styes and tarsal tumors. Acute and subacute inflammation of sclera. Sclera raised in patches, and looks bluish-red. Large, flat phlyctenules; indolent. Repeating episcleritis. Chronic scleritis. Chronic otitis; discharge purulent. Creaking when swallowing. Polypi.

Chronic nasal catarrh; thick, green mucus; blood and pus. On blowing nose, pain in teeth. Ulceration within the nostrils. Dryness of nasal cavities. Tip of tongue very painful. White blisters on side close to root, painfully sore. Teeth decay next to gums; very sensitive; gums retract. Drinks fall audibly into stomach. Ranula; varicose veins on tongue and mouth. Pyorrhea alveolaris.

Sepia Officianalis

Herpes circinatus in isolated spots. Itching. Chloasma Herpetic eruption on lips, about mouth and nose. Ringworm-like eruption every spring. Urticaria in open air.. Hyperhidrosis and bromhidrosis. Sweat on feet, on toes; intolerable odor. Lentigo in young women. Ichthyosis with offensive odor of skin. Face with yellow blotches; pale or sallow; yellow about mouth. Rosacea; saddle-like brownish distribution on nose and cheeks.

Eyes – Muscular asthenopia; black spots in the field of vision; asthenic inflammations. Tarsal tumors. Ptosis, ciliary irritation. Venous congestion of the fundus. Herpes behind ears on nape of neck. Pain as if from sub-cutaneous ulceration. Swelling and eruption of external ear.

Lower extremities lame and stiff, tension – feels short, heaviness and bruised. Restlessness in all limbs, twitching and jerkings. Pain in heel. Coldness of extremities. Weakness and pain in back.

Dry, fatiguing cough, rotten-egg taste with coughing. Dyspnoea; worse, after sleep; better, rapid motion. Morning cough, with profuse salty expectoration. Hypostatic pleuritis. Whooping-cough. Cough excited by tickling in larynx or chest. Thick, greenish nasal discharge; thick plugs and crusts. Yellowish saddle across nose. Post-nasal dropping of heavy, lumpy discharges; must be hawked through the mouth. Violent intermittent cardiac palpitation. Beating in all arteries. Tremulous feeling with flushes.

Red, adhesive, sand in urine. Involuntary urination. Chronic cystitis, slow micturition, with bearing-down sensation above pubis. Male organs cold. Offensive perspiration. Gleet; discharge from urethra. Condylomata surround head of penis. Complaints from coition.

Pelvic organs relaxed. Bearing-down sensation, must cross limbs to prevent protrusion, or press against vulva. Leucorrhoea yellow, greenish; with much itching. PCOS. Violent stitches upward in the vagina, from uterus to umbilicus. Prolapse uteri and vagina. Morning sickness. Vagina painful, especially on coition.

Nausea at smell or sight of food. Tobacco dyspepsia. Everything tastes too salty. Nausea in morning. Disposition to vomit after eating. Acidic dyspepsia with bloated abdomen, sour eructations. Loathes fat. Flatulent, with headache. Hepatic inflammation and/or infections. Brown spots on abdomen. Bloody stool and fullness of rectum. Constipation; large, hard stools. Dark-brown, round balls glued together with mucus. Soft stool difficult to expel. Prolapsus ani. Almost constant oozing from anus. Infantile diarrhoea, worse from boiled milk, and rapid exhaustion. Pains shoot up in rectum and vagina.

Frequent flushes of heat; sweat from least motion. General lack of warmth of body. Feet cold and wet. Shivering, with thirst; worse, towards evening.

Sulphur

Skin: Dry, scaly, unhealthy; every little injury suppurates. Freckles. Itching, burning; worse scratching and washing. Pimply eruption, pustules, rhagades, hangnails. Excoriation, especially in folds. Feeling of a band around bones. Skin affections after local medication. Pruritus, especially from warmth, is evening, often recurs in spring-time, in damp weather.

Trembling of hands. Hot, sweaty hands. Rheumatism. Rheumatic gout, with itching. Burning in soles and hands at night. Sweat in armpits, foul smelling. Drawing and tearing in arms and hands. Ganglion.

Talks, jerks, and twitches during sleep. Vivid dreams. Wakes up singing. Wakes frequently, and becomes wide awake suddenly. Catnaps; slightest noise awakens. Oppression and burning sensation in chest. Difficult respiration. Aphonia. Red, brown spots all over chest. Loose cough; worse talking, morning, greenish, purulent, sweetish expectoration. Midnight dyspnoea.

Frequent micturition, especially at night. Enuresis, especially in scrofulous. Urethral burning. Mucus and pus in urine; parts sore over which it passes. Must hurry, sudden call to urinate. Great quantities of colorless urine. Stitches in penis. Involuntary emissions. Itching of genitals. Organs cold, relaxed and powerless. Pudenda itches. Vagina burns. Much offensive perspiration. PCOS (Menses too late, short, scanty, and difficult; thick, black, acrid, making parts sore). Menses preceded by headache or suddenly stopped. Leucorrhoea, burning, excoriating. Nipples cracked; smart and burn.

Complete loss of, or excessive appetite. Putrid eructation. Food tastes too salty. Drinks much, eats little. Eating disorders (Great desire for sweets. Severe acidity, sour eructation. Burning, painful, weight-like pressure). Very weak and faint about 11 am; must have something to eat. Nausea during gestation. Water fills the patient up. Pain and soreness over liver, Hepatomegaly, hepatic infections.

Anal itching and burning; piles dependent upon abdominal plethora. Frequent, unsuccessful desire; hard, knotty, insufficient. Redness around the anus, with itching. Morning diarrhoea, painless, drives out of bed, with prolapsus recti. Haemorrhoids, oozing and belching.

Burning ulceration of margin of lids. Cataract. Heat and burning in eyes. Black motes before eyes. Ulceration of cornea. Chronic ophthalmia, with much burning and itching. Parenchymatous keratitis. Cornea like ground glass.

Ears: Whizzing in ears. Bad effects from the suppression of an otorrhoea. Oversensitive to odors. Deafness, preceded by exceedingly sensitive hearing; catarrhal deafness.

Nose: Herpes across the nose. Nose stuffed indoors. Imaginary foul smells. Alae red and scabby. Chronic dry catarrh; dry scabs and readily bleeding. Polypus and adenoids.

Mouth: Lips dry, bright red, burning. Bitter taste in morning. Jerks through teeth. Swelling of gums; throbbing pain. Tongue white, with red tip and borders.

Bryonia Alba

Skin yellow; pale, swollen, dropsical; hot and painful. Seborrhoea. Greasy hairs. Drowsy; starting when falling asleep. Delirium. Want to b busy.

Temperature. Pulse full, hard, tense, and quick. Chill with external coldness. Dry cough, stitches. Internal heat. Sour sweat after slight exertion. Easy profuse perspiration. Rheumatic. Typhoid. Hepatic disease and complications.

Soreness in larynx and trachea. Hoarseness. Dry hacking cough. Croup. Expectoration of rust-colored sputa. Dysopnoea; must expand lungs. Croup and pleuro-pneumonia. Angina pectoris. Painful stiffness in nape of neck. Stitches and stiffness in small of back. Knees stiff and painful. Joints inflammation. Parkinson’s disease.

Urine red, brown, scanty, hot. PCOS with tearing pains in legs; vicarious discharge or splitting headache. Stitching pains in ovaries. Pain in breasts at menstrual period. Breasts hot and painful hard. Abscess of mammae.

Morning nausea and faintness. Abnormal hunger, loss of taste. Thirst for large draughts. Vomiting of bile and water immediately after eating. Splenomegaly, spleen infections; dyspeptic ailments during summer heat. Hepatomegaly. Hepatic infections. Constipation; stools bloody.

Aural vertigo. Roaring, buzzing. Eyes pressing, crushing, aching pain. Glaucoma. Sore to touch and when moving them. Lips parched, dry, cracked. Dryness of mouth, tongue, and throat, with excessive thirst. Tongue coated yellowish, dark brown; heavily white in gastric derangement. Bitter taste. Lip swollen, dry, black, and cracked.

Rhus Toxicodendron

Skin red, swollen; itching intense. Vesicles, herpes; urticaria; pemphigus; erysipelas; vesicular suppurative forms. Glands swollen. Cellulitis. Burning eczematous eruptions with tendency to scale formation, Insomnia.

Pain between shoulders on swallowing. Lumbalgia with stiffness. Stiffness of the nape of the neck.

Joints inflammation. Pains tearing in tendons, ligaments, and fasciae. Soreness of condyles of bones. Limbs stiff paralyzed. Tearing down thighs. Sciatica. Paralysis; trembling after exertion. Tenderness about knee-joint. Loss of power in forearm and fingers; crawling sensation in the tips of fingers. Tingling in feet.

Fever adynamic; restless, trembling. Typhoid; tongue dry and brown; sordes; bowels loose; great restlessness. Intermittent; chill, with dry cough and restlessness. Urticaria during temperature. Dry, teasing cough. Haemoptysis from overexertion. Oppression of the chest, cannot get breath with sticking pains. Bronchial coughs in old people. cardiac hypertrophy. Pulse quick, weak, irregular. Trembling and palpitation when sitting still.

Urine dark, turbid, high-colored, scanty urine, with white sediment. Dysuria with hematuria. Swelling of glans, prepuce-dark-red erysipelatous; scrotum thick, swollen, oedematous. Itching intense. Swelling with intense itching of vulva. Pelvic articulations. Menses early, profuse, and prolonged, acrid. Lochia thin, protracted, offensive diminished with shooting upwards in vagina.

Appetite for any kind of food, with unquenchable thirst. Bitter mouth taste. Nausea, vertigo, and bloated abdomen after eating. Gastritis. Drowsy after eating. Swelling of inguinal glands. Pain in region of ascending colon. Colic. Crohn’s disease. Bloody diarrhoea, with slime, and reddish mucus. Frothy, painless stools. Will often abort a beginning suppurative process near the rectum. Chronic dysentery.

Eyes swollen, red, oedematous; orbital cellulitis. Pustular inflammations. Photophobia; profuse flow of yellow pus. Edema of lids, suppurative iritis. Lids inflamed, agglutinated swollen. Old injured eyes. Circumscribed corneal injection. Intensive ulceration of the cornea. Iritis, after exposure to cold and dampness, and of rheumatic origin. Acute retrobulbar neuritis. Profuse gush of hot, scalding tears upon opening lids. Pain in ears. Otorrhoea. Lobules swollen. Discharge of bloody pus. Sneezing; coryza from getting wet. Tip of nose red, sore, ulcerated. Swelling of nose. Nosebleed on stooping. Jaws crack when chewing. Easy dislocation of jaw. Swollen face, erysipelas. Cheek bones sensitive to touch. Parotitis. Facial neuralgia, with chilliness. Crusta lactea. Teeth feel loose and long; gums sore. Tongue red and cracked; coated, except red triangular space at the tip; dry and red at edges. Corners of mouth ulcerated; fever-blisters around mouth and chin. Pain in maxillary joint.

Lycopodium Clavatum

Skin ulcerates. Abscesses beneath skin; worse warm applications. Hives. Violent itching; fissured eruptions. Acne. Chronic eczema associated with urinary, gastric and hepatic disorders; bleeds easily. Skin thick and indurated. Varicose veins, naevi, erectile tumors. Brown spots, freckles on face and nose. Dry, shrunken, especially palms; hair becomes prematurely gray. Dropsies. Offensive secretions; viscid and offensive perspiration, especially of feet and axilla. Psoriasis.

Tickling cough. Dyspnoea. Tensive, constrictive, burning pain in chest. Expectorations gray, thick, bloody, purulent, salty. Neglected pneumonia, pneumonia with dyspnoea. Aneurysm. Aortic disease. Palpitation at night. Burning between scapulae as of hot coals. Pain in small of back.

Extremities – numbness, drawing and tearing in limbs, especially while at rest or at night. Heaviness of arms. Tearing in shoulder and elbow joints. One foot hot, the other cold. Chronic gout. Profuse sweat of the feet. Painful callosities on soles; toes and fingers contracted. Sciatica. Cramps in calves and toes at night in bed. Limbs go to sleep. Twitching and jerking. Pain in back before urinating; ceases after flow; slow in coming, must strain. Retention. Polyuria during the night. Heavy red sediment. No erectile power; impotence. Premature emission. Enlarged prostate. Condylomata.

Menses too late; last too long, too profuse (PCOS). Vagina dry. Coition painful. Ovarian pain. Varicose veins of pudenda. Leucorrhoea, acrid, with burning in vagina. Discharge of blood from genitals during stool.

Dyspepsia. Excessive hunger. Food tastes sour. Sour eructations. Eating disorders. Bulimia, with much bloating. After eating, pressure in stomach. Rolling of flatulence. Midnight hunger. Hiccough. Hernia, right side. Liver sensitive, infection. Brown spots on abdomen (liver spots). Dropsy (due to hepatic disease). Hepatitis. Diarrhoea. Inactive intestinal canal. Ineffectual urging. Constipation. Painful Haemorrhoids, aching.

Sense of smell very acute. Feeling of dryness posteriorly. Scanty excoriating, discharge anteriorly. Ulcerated nostrils. Crusts and elastic plugs. Fluent coryza. Snuffles.

Grayish-yellow color of face, with blue circles around eyes. Withered, shriveled, and emaciated; copper-colored eruption. Dropping of jaw, in typhoid fever. Itching; scaly herpes in face and corner of mouth. Toothache. Tooth infection. Dryness of mouth and tongue, without thirst. Tongue dry, black, cracked, swollen; oscillates to and fro. Mouth waters. Blisters on tongue. Bad odor from mouth. Dryness of throat, without thirst. Food and drink regurgitates through nose. Inflammation of throat, with stitches on swallowing. Swelling and suppuration of tonsils. Ulceration of tonsils. Diphtheria. Ulceration of vocal bands. Tubercular laryngitis.

Styes on lids near internal canthus. Day-blindness. Night-blindness more characteristic. Sees only one-half of an object. Ulceration and redness of lids. Eyes half open during sleep.

Thick, yellow, offensive discharge. Eczema about and behind ears. Otorrhoea and deafness with or without tinnitus; after scarlatina. Humming and roaring with hardness of hearing; every noise causes peculiar echo in ear.

Nitric Acid

Warts, large jagged; bleed on washing. Ulcers bleed easily, sensitive; splinter-like pains; zigzag, irregular edges; base looks like raw flesh. Exuberant granulations. Black pores on face, papules.

Urine scanty, dark, offensive. Smells like horse’s urine. Cold on passing. Burning and stinging. Urine bloody and albuminous. Alternation of cloudy, phosphatic urine with profuse urinary secretion in old prostatic cases.

Soreness and burning in glans and beneath prepuce. Ulcers; burn and sting; exude, offensive matter.

Female external parts sore, with ulcers. Leucorrhoea brown, flesh-colored, watery, or stringy, offensive. Hair on genitals falls out. Uterine haemorrhages. Menses early, profuse, like muddy water, with pain in back, hips and thighs. Stitches through vagina. Metrorrhagia after parturition.

laryngitis. Aphonia. Dry hacking cough, from tickling in larynx and pit of stomach. Soreness at lower end of sternum. Short breath. Cough during sleep. Ozaena. Green casts from nose every morning. Coryza, with sore and bleeding nostrils. Tip red. Stitches, as of a splinter in nose. Caries of mastoid. Nosebleed, with chest affections. Chronic nasal catarrh, with yellow, offensive, corrosive discharge. Nasal diphtheria, with watery and exceedingly excoriating discharge.

Putrid breath. Salivation. Bleeding of gums. Painful pimples on the sides of the tongue. Tongue clean, red and wet with center furrow. Teeth become loose; gums soft and spongy. Ulcers in soft palate, with sharp, splinter-like pains. Salivation and fetor oris. Bloody saliva.

Difficult hearing. Very sensitive to noise. Cracking in ears when chewing. Double vision; sharp, sticking pains. Ulceration of cornea. Gonorrheal ophthalmia, photophobia, constant lachrymation. Syphilitic iritis.

Fetid foot-sweat, causing soreness of toes, with sticking pain; chilblains on toes. Sweating of palms, hands; cold, blue nails. Offensive nocturnal sweat in axillae.

Great hunger, with sweetish taste. Longing for indigestible things-chalk, earth, etc. Pain in cardiac orifice. Dyspepsia with excess of oxalic acid, uric acid and phosphates in urine and great mental depression. Loves fat and salt. Great straining, but little passes, Rectum feels torn. Constipation. Anal fissures. Tearing pains during stools. Violent cutting pains after stools. Haemorrhages from bowels, profuse, bright. Prolapsus ani. Haemorrhoids bleed easily. Diarrhoea, slimy and offensive. After stools, irritable and exhausted. Colic relieved from tightening clothes. Jaundice, aching in liver.

P. S : This article is only for doctors having good knowledge about Homeopathy and allopathy,  for learning purpose(s).

For proper consultation and treatment, please visit our clinic.

Location, address and contact numbers are given below.

NoN of above mentioned medicine(s) is/are the full/complete treatment, but just hints for treatment; every patient has his/her own constitutional medicine.

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Dr. Sayyad Qaisar Ahmed (MD {Ukraine}, DHMS), Abdominal Surgeries, Oncological surgeries, Gastroenterologist, Specialist Homeopathic Medicines.

  Senior research officer at Dnepropetrovsk state medical academy Ukraine.

Location:  Al-Haytham clinic, Umer Farooq Chowk Risalpur Sadder (0923631023, 03119884588), K.P.K, Pakistan.

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