Mitral valve stenosis (or mitral stenosis) is a narrowing of the heart’s mitral valve. Mitral valve is the only valve in our heart that have two flaps (called leaflets) instead of three.
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This abnormal valve doesn’t open properly, blocking blood flow into the main pumping chamber of the heart (left ventricle). Rheumatic fever can scar the mitral valve, mitral valve stenosis can lead to serious heart complications, this condition can cause heart rhythm problems, a higher risk of stroke, and may lead to heart failure and death.
Mitral stenosis is an common disease, especially in cold countries.
Symptoms of Mitral valve stenosis
The heart , the center of our circulatory system, consists of four chambers. The two upper chambers (atria) receive blood. The two lower chambers (ventricles) pump blood.
Four heart valves (⇐to listen sounds watch video) open and close to let blood flow in only one direction through our heart. The mitral valve, which lies between the two chambers on the left side of our heart, comprises two flaps of tissue called leaflets.
The mitral valve opens when blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Then the flaps close to prevent the blood that has just passed into the left ventricle from flowing backward. A defective heart valve fails to either open or close fully.
In mitral valve stenosis, pressure that builds up in the heart is then sent back to the lungs, resulting in fluid buildup (congestion) and shortness of breath.
The condition usually progresses slowly over time. Patient may feel fine with mitral valve stenosis, or he/she may have mild symptoms for decades. Symptoms of mitral valve stenosis typically appear between the ages of 15 and 40 or during pregnancy, but they can occur at any age even during childhood.
Signs and symptoms of mitral valve stenosis include:
- Shortness of breath, especially with activity or in latter stages when patient lie down
- Fatigue, especially during increased activity
- Swollen feet, abdomen, ankles or legs, This happens when the heart is struggling to pump effectively, causing fluid to build up.
- Sensations of a rapid, fluttering heartbeat (palpitations), This often happens when mitral stenosis puts more pressure on the upper left chamber of the heart, causing an irregular heart rhythm
- Chest discomfort or chest pain
- Coughing up blood
- Dizziness or fainting
- Heart murmur
- Fluid buildup in the lungs
- Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
- Hoarseness. One of the nerves that control our vocal cords runs next to our heart. Increased pressure in the upper chamber of patient’s heart can put pressure on this nerve. Just as our leg can fall asleep if one of its nerves is pressed on for too long, our voice may give out if this nerve is under enough pressure.
Mitral valve stenosis symptoms may appear or worsen anytime when heart rate increases, such as during exercise, an infection or they may be triggered by pregnancy or other things that cause stress on the body.
Causes of Mitral valve stenosis
The main cause of mitral valve stenosis is an allergic or immune reaction called rheumatic fever infection, which is related to streptococcus infections.
The mitral valve is on the left side of our heart and it controls blood flow from the left atrium (upper chamber) to the left ventricle (lower chamber). It’s the first valve that blood has to pass through after traveling through our lungs to collect oxygen.
There are a few different causes for mitral stenosis:
- Infections: Rheumatic fever is the most common cause of mitral stenosis. Often called rheumatic mitral stenosis, this happens when our immune system damages the valve while fighting an untreated bacterial infection. Rheumatic mitral stenosis becomes worse over time.
Bacteria that cause rheumatic mitral stenosis are the same ones that cause streptococcus throat infection and scarlet fever. Rheumatic mitral stenosis is most common in middle-aged individuals. The diagnosis is usually years or even decades after the infection happened, that’s because it may take years or decades before the damage to our heart valves causes symptoms or appears on a medical exam. - Age factor: This type of stenosis is more likely with advancing age and results from calcium buildup on the valve. However, most people with age-related mitral stenosis have only mild or moderate narrowing and may not need treatment.
- Congenital . Congenital mitral stenosis is usually detected before the age of 2. This kind of stenosis can range from mild to severe. If not treated, children with severe mitral stenosis typically don’t survive past age 5.
- Radiation therapy. Treatment for certain types of cancer that requires radiation to the chest area can sometimes cause the mitral valve to thicken and harden.
Diagnosis
Ask about his/her medical history, physical examination that includes listening to the heart through a stethoscope. Mitral valve stenosis causes an abnormal heart sound, called a heart murmur.; listen to the lungs to check for lung congestion (a buildup of fluid in the lungs) that can occur with mitral valve stenosis.
Tests Required
Tests can be done to determine the cause of mitral valve stenosis and to determine if the valve can be treated homeopathically or can be repaired.
Common tests to diagnose mitral valve stenosis include:
- Electrocardiogram (ECG). Wires (electrodes) attached to pads on patient’s skin measure electrical signals from his/her heart, providing information about the heart’s rhythm. patient might walk on a treadmill or pedal a stationary bike during an ECG to see how patient’s heart responds to physical activity.
- Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray can help the doctor determine whether the heart is enlarged. A chest X-ray can also show the condition of the lungs.
- Transthoracic echocardiogram. Sound waves directed at patient’s heart from a wandlike device (transducer) held on the chest produce video images of patient’s heart in motion. This test
is used to confirm the diagnosis of mitral valve stenosis. - Transesophageal echocardiogram. A wandlike device attached to the end of a tube is inserted down patient’s esophagus. This gives to the doctor a closer look at the mitral valve than a regular echocardiogram does.
- Cardiac catheterization. This test isn’t often used to diagnose mitral valve stenosis, but it may be used if other tests aren’t able to diagnose the condition or determine its severity. It involves threading a thin tube (catheter) through a blood vessel, usually in patient’s groin, to an artery in patient’s heart. Dye flows through the catheter to make the artery appear more clearly on an X-ray.
Complications
Like other heart valve problems, mitral valve stenosis can strain the heart and decrease blood flow. Untreated, mitral valve stenosis can lead to complications such as:
- High blood pressure in the lung arteries (pulmonary hypertension). Increased pressure in the arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs (pulmonary arteries) causes the heart to work harder.
- Heart failure. A narrowed mitral valve interferes with blood flow. As a result, pressure may increase in the lungs, leading to fluid buildup. The fluid buildup strains the right side of the heart, leading to right heart failure.
- Fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema). In this condition, blood and fluid back up into the lungs. Pulmonary edema can cause shortness of breath and may cause one to cough up blood-tinged mucus.
- Heart enlargement. The pressure buildup of mitral valve stenosis results in enlargement of the heart’s upper left chamber (atrium).
- Atrial fibrillation. The stretching and enlargement of the heart’s left atrium may lead to this heart rhythm problem in which the upper chambers of the heart beat chaotically and too quickly.
- Blood clots. Untreated atrial fibrillation can cause blood clots to form in the upper left chamber of the heart. Blood clots from the heart can break loose and travel to other parts of the body, causing serious problems, such as a stroke if a clot blocks a blood vessel in to the brain.
Allopathic treatment
Allopathically mitral stenosis can’t be cured, but is possible to manage. Some treatments, especially valve repair or replacement, can stop or reduce patient’s symptoms for years. Other treatments, such as medication, can also help by preventing complications.
Some of the possible allopathic treatments include:
- Medication: Several different types of drugs can treat mitral stenosis. Some of the drugs used include those that treat high blood pressure, symptoms of heart failure (especially swelling from too much fluid), manage fast heart rhythms and blood thinners (to prevent stroke). A doctor may also prescribe a long-term course of antibiotics to prevent heart valve damage (I’ll never recommend, said Dr. Qaisar Ahmed MD, DHMS).
- Catheter-based procedures. These access patient’s heart from inside the body by inserting a device into an artery elsewhere on patient’s body. The catheter is then threaded up to the heart and used to repair or replace the valve.
- Balloon valvotomy: Sometimes called valvuloplasty, this procedure involves a catheter with a balloon attached. Once it reaches to the mitral valve, inflating the balloon can widen the narrowed area.
- Valve replacement: In some cases, it’s possible to replace a valve using a catheter-based procedure. This is called transcatheter mitral valve replacement, or TMVR.
- Surgery: A surgeon can use many different methods, including minimally invasive surgery or robotically assisted surgery. Depending on each individual case and patient’s needs, the surgeon may recommend either repairing the valve or replacing it altogether.
Types of replacement valves are there for mitral stenosis
- Animal valves: Made from animal tissue, usually taken from pigs or cows, these are also a good
option if patient want to avoid taking blood-thinning medications. They last about 15 to 20 years. - Mechanical valve: These valves are often composed of pyrolytic carbon (which is similar to diamonds but with a different structure). These are highly durable and easily accepted by human body. Some of these valves also have polyester knit fabric around their edges. If patient have one of these valves placed, he/she will need to take blood thinners for the rest of his/her life to prevent problems like stroke. These valves may last for many years.
- Bioprosthetic valve: These valves often combine animal tissue and artificial parts. The animal tissue is usually attached to a metal frame, which keeps the valve in place. These valves typically last about 15 to 20 years. Animal tissues are used for the leaflets or moving parts and unlike mechanical valves are resistant to developing blood clots on top of them.
All these treatment methods are costly and having temporary effect, that’s why I (Dr. Qaisar Ahmed MD, DHMS, always recommend Homeopathic treatment for cardiac patients).
Homeopathic Treatment of Mitral Valve Stenosis
Cactus Grandiflorus
Goetre, exophthalmic. Haematuria. Haemorrhages. Headache. Heart affections; cardiac hypertrophy. Indigestion. Intermittent fevers. Lungs, haemorrhage from. Melancholy. Menstruation, painful. Miliaria. Neuralgia. Otitis. Ovaritis. Pneumonia. Prostate. Rheumatism. Heat stroke, Sunstroke. Traumatic fever. Vaginismus.Difficulty of breathing; attacks of suffocation with fainting. Chronic bronchitis, with rattling of mucus. Chest pricking pain with oppressed respiration (pneumonia). Oppression of breathing in going upstairs. Periodical suffocation, with fainting, and sweat on face and loss of pulse. Haemoptysis, with convulsive cough. Sharp pains shooting from body to back and up into chest, with sensation of rush of blood to chest (rheumatism of diaphragm).
Cardiac pain with jerking body, frequently repeated. Pricking and stitches in the heart. Tachycardia, palpitation in small irregular beats (at times frequent, at others slow). Pains in apex of heart, shooting down left arm to ends of fingers; feeble pulse; dyspnoea.-Endocardial murmurs; excessive impulse; increased precordial dullness; enlarged ventricle. Oedema of left hand only. Aneurism. Atheromatous arteries.
Oedema of the feet. General weakness and prostration of strength. Haemorrhages: from nose; lungs; rectum; bladder; stomach.
Constriction of neck of bladder.-Irritation in urethra, as if pyuria. Urine passes by drops, micturition, urine of a straw colour. urine with sediments of red sand. Haematuria; urination prevented by clots.
Constipation; stool hard and black. Diarrhoea, watery, mucous, bilious (in forenoon). Sensation of great weight (in anus), and urging to evacuate a great quantity, but nothing passes. Copious haemorrhage with bowels. Rectal itching. Fluent haemorrhoids. Fissure and/or Fistula with violent tachycardia.
Crataegus oxyacantha
Cardiac dropsy. Fatty degeneration. Aortic disease. Extreme dyspnoea on least exertion, without much increase of pulse. Pain in region of heart and under left clavicle. Heart muscles seem flabby, worn out. Cough (cardia cough). First cardiac sound weak. Pulse accelerated, irregular, feeble, intermittent. Valvular murmurs. Cutaneous chilliness, cianosis; all these symptoms aggravated by exertion or excitement. Sustains heart in infectious diseases.
Excessive perspiration. Skin eruptions. Insomnia of aortic patients.
Glonoinum (Nitro-glycerine)
Tachycardia with heat in the face, accelerated pulse and pulsation of the carotid arteries, distinct pulsation over the whole body. In the heart sensation of fulness, heaviness, and heat, with laboured beating of the heart. Pulse accelerated; rises and falls alternately; low and feeble in sunstroke. Severe stitches from the heart, extending into the back. Purring cardiac sounds when lying.
Increased secretion of pale (albuminous) urine; nocturnal polyuria and must pass large quantities of albuminous urine. Tubal nephritis, with headache, brought on by walking in the sun; numbness in arms and hands alternating with intense tingling.
Diarrhoeic stools with rumbling, sharp burning and discharges of flatus, beginning in the morning and lasting all day. Diarrhoea; copious, loose, blackish, lumpy stools.
Constipation and haemorrhoids which itched and pained. At an unaccustomed time, a hard and unusual stool; pinching in abdomen before and after stools.
Fainting with consciousness. Great weakness and prostration. Unconscious falling down (low brain blood circulation). Painless throbbing in the whole body. Pulsations, tingling, thrills, and a peculiar sensation of warmth through the body, extending from above downward. Fingers are spread apart and stretched out. Seeming plethora, rapid deviations in distributions of blood.
Yawning with headache, congestion of blood to the head. Insomnia but is difficult to waken.
Pulse accelerated, irregular, intermitting, full and hard, small and rapid. Chill: after getting heated; alternates with sweat; with vomiting; head as if screwed up; intermittent fever. Heat especially in face, ascending from pit of stomach to head. Perspiration principally in the face, forehead, chest and after sleeping. Perspiration relieves the nausea.
Naja Tripudians
Angina pectoris. Endocarditis. Asthma. Dysmenia. Aortic valve stenosis. Hay-fever. Headache. Cardiac diseases. spasmodic esophagus, Ovaries affections. Plague. Spinal irritation (of nucha). Throat
infections (especially staphylococcus).
Uneasiness and dull, heavy pain in chest, pains are like hot iron rod. Lancinating pains feels better on deep inspiration. Asthmatic constriction of chest; cannot expand lungs; followed by mucous expectoration. Cannot cough for the stabbing. Tenderness over sternum and in throat. Feeling of depression and uneasiness about heart.
Fluttering and palpitation of heart. Loud audible beating. Pulse slow and irregular in rhythm and force; weak and thready, scarcely perceptible. Action only recognised by pushing hand up behind sternum, then felt only a faint thrill resembling the cardiac thrill felt in the same way on a newborn infant.
Pulse rapid; and full; 120, some beats tolerably full and strong, afterwards 32, irregular in rhythm and force, some of the beats full and bounding. Cutting and aching in nape. Rheumatic pains in neck and back. Pain between the shoulders.
Creeping, itching, and tingling sensation on the skin. Skin swelled, mottled, and of dark purple/cyanotic, livid colour. Large pimples on inflamed base. Small white blisters on inflamed base, with much itching. Gangrene. Boil-like swelling. Painful chilblains on feet.
Pimple: on upper lip; on left ala nasi; on inflamed base, on tip of nose, nose sore in consequence; painful on brow. White itching blisters on inflamed base, on neck and body.
Body cold and collapsed. Extremities very cold; icy coldness. Burning heat in face. Free perspiration. Heat but refuses water; heat with prostration; with discomfort, dry lips, and tender, hot mouth. Head hot; and full of blood. Burning of ear. Flushes of heat in face at different times of day; flushes in face, hands, palms sweating, general sweating.
Sudden urging to stool. Bilious diarrhoea. Constipation. Feeling of a large stool which when voided was small bilious (slimy, white or green). Heat in anal region with itching smarting.
Uneasiness and pressure in bladder. Urine deposits red sediment, mixed with mucus. Urine of deep straw colour.
Digitalis
Clinical: Amaurosis. Angina pectoris. Aortic valve stenosis. Asthma. Bright’s disease. Cyanosis. Delirium tremens. Dropsy. Fever. Gonorrhoea. Headache. Heart, affections of. Hydrocele.
Hydrocephalus. Impotence. Jaundice. Lungs, congestion of. Memory lost. Meningitis. Noises in head. Paraphimosis. Prostate, enlarged. Ptyalism. Spermatorrhoea. Toothache. Urinary disorders. Vision, disorders of.
Hoarseness (in the morning after a night sweat). Hollow, spasmodic cough, from roughness and scraping in the throat. Smarting in the chest on coughing. Cough worse at midnight and during the morning hours. The cough is caused by talking, walking, drinking anything cold; when bending the body forward. Troublesome choking sensation with cough.
Sensation of soreness in the chest. Respiration painfully restricted, especially at night, when lying down, or in the day, when walking, or seated. In the morning, suffocating constriction of the chest, forcing the patient to rise up in the bed. Asthmatic sufferings as from hydrothorax. Pressure on the chest from keeping the body bent. Tension in the chest, with necessity to breathe deeply. Contractive pain in the chest, when sitting with the body bent. Smarting in the chest. Sensation of weakness in the chest, proceeding from the stomach. Congestion in the chest. Shuddering at the mammae.
Tachycardia with palpitations that can be heard (with slow pulse), anguish, and contraction in the sternum. On rising up in bed pulse becomes much more frequent and irregular and intermittent, confusion of heart, sudden sensation as though heart stood still, with great anxiety and necessity for holding breath, after dinner; must keep perfectly still. Aortic valve stenosis.
Peculiar sensation as though heart standing still; single, violent, slow heart-beats, with sudden violent heat in occiput, and transient unconsciousness (the whole lasting only a moment). Shifting pains in heart. Oppression, must breathe deeper. Heart’s action has lost its force; beats more frequent, intermittent, irregular.-Palpitation easily excited on going up slight ascent. Heart seems to dilate slowly; palpitation at each movement of body; slight uneasiness at heart, cold sweats. Constant pain or anguish at heart, with palpitation accompanied by sinking sensation, face purple; fainting, believes he/she is dying; dizziness ringing in ears; sharp pain in left shoulder and left arm, tingling in arm and fingers; paroxysms come sometimes at night, with suffocation, wakes up in anguish; terrifying dreams.
Heart so weak that even sitting up in bed has caused fatal syncope. Attacks of angina brought on by any slight careless movement, especially of arms in an upward direction; inexpressible anxiety with fainting; for a moment heart seems to stand still, and then several rapid and violent pulsations occur, with sensation as if heart had torn itself loose and were swaying to and fro by a thin thread.
Rauwolfia
Rauwolfia or ‘”Choti Chandan or Sarpagandha”, alkaloids work by controlling nerve impulses along certain nerve pathways. As a result, they act on the heart and blood vessels to lower blood pressure.
Rauwolfia q due to its sedative action helps reduce high blood pressure including insanity-produced irritation of the central nervous system and alleviates its associated symptoms such as irregular beats, increased emotional excitability, and mild depression. Rauwolfia serpentina q is also used as a laxative, diuretic, and, antidote to snake venom and helps during delivery to stimulate the uterine contractions and promote the expulsion of the fetus. It also helps to be used in the treatment of a person with some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning.
Kalmia latifolia
Clinical. Angina pectoris. Blindness. Bright’s disease. Dropsy. Dysmenorrhoea. Gastralgia. Globus hystericus. Gout. Headache. Endocarditis, Cardiac diseases. Herpes zoster; neuralgia after. Keratitis.
Leucorrhoea. Locomotor ataxia. Lumbago. Neuralgia. Paraplegia. Ptosis. Pregnancy, albuminuria of. Retinitis albuminuria. Rheumatism. Rumination. Scleroderma. Scleritis. Somnambulism. Sun-headaches/Heat stroke. Syphilitic sore throat. Tinnitus. Tobacco eaters/smokers. Vertigo. Vomiting.
Difficult and oppressed breathing; throat feels swollen, nausea. Oppressed breathing with palpitation, anxiety; with pain (angina pectoris).
Feverish heat with great pain in chest; Pain in chest as from a sprain.-Shooting through chest above heart into shoulder-blade to left hand. Rheumatism of muscles of thorax and back.
Fluttering of heart. Tachycardia with anxiety, suppressed breathing; with faint feeling; with dyspnoea, pain in limbs. Severe pain in cardiac region, slow, small pulse (hypertrophy, dilatation, aortic obstruction). Paroxysms of anguish about heart, dyspnoea, febrile excitement; rheumatic endocarditis, with consequent hypertrophy and valvular disease. Wandering rheumatic pains in region of heart, Quickened but weak pulse. Pulse: slow, weak; arms feel weak; scarcely perceptible, limbs cold.
Muscles of neck sore to touch and on moving them. Constant pain in spine. Feeling of paralysis in sacrum. Aching in all joints.
Rheumatism often attacks heart, and generally goes from upper to lower parts; pains shift suddenly. Weariness in all muscles; shuns all exertion, can hardly go upstairs. Weary and giddy, with diarrhoea. Weakness the only general symptom with neuralgia. Trembling, thrilling, strumming, with palpitation.
Sensation of rigidity of skin. Pricking sensation in skin, with moderate sweat. Dry skin. Erysipelatous inflamed eruption with oppressed breathing.
Febrile excitement. General heat; with burning and pain in back and loins. Cold sweat.
Stool like mush, easily discharged, as if glazed, followed by pressure on rectum. Diarrhoea, with dullness, dizziness, weariness, nausea, and colics.
Frequent micturition of large quantities of yellow urine. Albuminuria: with pains in lower limbs; with dropsy, casts, triple phosphates, sallow complexion, skin very dry.
Arsenicum Album
Shortness of breath, difficulty of respiration, choking, dyspnoea, and attack of suffocation, endocarditis, sometimes with cold sweat, spasmodic constriction of the chest or of the larynx, anguish, great weakness, body cold, pain in the pit of the stomach, and paroxysm of cough.
The sufferings occur chiefly in the evening in bed, or at night, when lying down; also in windy weather, in the fresh and cold air, or in the heat of a room, or when warmly clothed, on being fatigued, on being angry, on walking, on moving, and even on laughing.
Respiration anxious, stertorous, and wheezing. Oppression of the chest on coughing, on walking, and on going upstairs. Constriction and compression of the chest, sometimes with great anxiety, inability to speak, and fainting fits. Tension and pressure in the chest. Stitches and pressing in the sternum. Shooting pains in the chest and in the sternum. Chilliness or coldness in the chest. Shivering, or great heat and burning in the chest. Heat, burning, itching in the chest. Yellowish spots on the chest.
Violent and insupportable throbbings of the heart, chiefly when lying on the back. Irregular beatings (bradycardia) sometimes with anguish and cramps. Palpitation and trembling weakness after stool; must lie down. Palpitation after suppressed herpes or foot-sweat. Angina pectoris. Hydropericardium. Fatty degeneration.
Oedematous, painless swellings of the neck and of the lower jaw. Tetters between the shoulder blades. Violent and burning pain in the back, powerfully aggravated by the touch.
Fever with great weakness, dropsical affections, pains in the regions of the liver and of the spleen. Frequent colliquative, or cold and viscid sweats; sweat at night, or in the evening on going to sleep, or in the morning on waking; partial sweat, chiefly on the face and legs. Perspiration cold, clammy, smelling sour or offensive.
Constipation, with frequent, but ineffectual inclination to evacuate. Tenesmus, with burning in the anus. Involuntary and unperceived evacuations. Violent diarrhoea with frequent evacuations, nausea, vomiting, thirst, great weakness, colic, and tenesmus. Nocturnal diarrhoea. Burning and corrosive evacuations; faeces with mucus, or bilious, sanguineous, serous, painless, involuntary – of greenish, yellowish, whitish colour (bilious), or brownish and blackish (liver and/or spleen); fetid and putrid evacuations; evacuations of undigested substances (liver). Prolapsus of the rectum: with much pain. Itching, pain as from excoriation, and burning in the rectum and in the anus, as well as in the haemorrhoidal tumours, chiefly at night. Shootings in the haemorrhoidal tumours.
Retention of urine. Frequent inclination, nocturnal polyuria with abundant emission. Incontinence of urine which escapes almost involuntarily, even at night, in bed. Difficult and painful emission of urine. Scanty urine, of a deep yellow colour. Urine aqueous, greenish, brownish, or turbid, with mucus-like sediment. Sanguineous urine.
Aconitum Napellus
Clinical: Blindness. Chill. Convulsions. Deafness. Dyspnoea. Ears noises (tinnitus). Hemicrania. Hydrophobia. Landry’s paralysis. Liver enlargement. Neuralgia. Esophagus spasms. General Spasms. Spleen enlargement. Tetanus. Tongue affections. Trismus. Vomiting.
Short breathing, chiefly during sleep, and on getting up. Breathing painful, anxious, and attended with groans, rapid and superficial, or full, noisy, and with the mouth open. Breathing slow during sleep. Breath hot. Breath fetid. Constriction and anxious oppression of the chest, with difficulty of breathing.
Asthma of Millar. Attack of suffocation, with anxiety. Sensation of heaviness and of compression at the chest. Painful pricking in the chest, chiefly when breathing, coughing, and moving (even the arms). Stitches through the chest and side, esp. when breathing and coughing. Prickings in the side, with a lachrymose and plaintive humour, soothed, in some degree, by lying on the back. Pleurisy and pneumonia, especially with great heat, much thirst, dry cough and great nervous excitability, only somewhat relieved when lying on the back. Itching in the chest. Pains as of a bruise in the sternum and in the sides. Sensation of anguish in the chest, which interrupts respiration.
Palpitation of the heart, with great anxiety, heat of body, chiefly in the face, and great weariness in the limbs. Shootings in the region of the heart when moving or going upstairs. Sensation of compression and blows in the region of the heart. Inflammation of the heart. Chronic diseases of the heart, with continuous pressure in the left side of the chest, oppressed breathing when moving fast and ascending steps, stitches in the region of the heart, congestions to the head; attacks of fainting and tingling in the fingers. Fainting with tingling. Pulse full, strong, hard; slow, feeble; threadlike with anxiety; quick, hard, small.
Neck and Back. Weakness and pain, as from a bruise in the nape of the neck. Pain, as if from a bruise, in the back and loins. Painful stiffness in the nape of the neck, the loins, and the hip joints, tingling, and of pricking in the back.
Suppression of urine, with pressure in the bladder and pains in the loins. A frequent desire to discharge urine. Flow of urine, with sweat, diarrhoea, and colic. Involuntary urination (relaxed neck of the bladder). Enuresis, with thirst. Urine scanty, burning, deep red, and with a sediment of a brick colour (arising from taking cold, especially in children); suppression from cold. Bloody sediment in the urine. Scanty, red, hot. Heat and tenesmus in the neck of the bladder.
Adonis Vernalis
A heart medicine, after rheumatism or influenza, or Bright’s disease, where the muscles of the heart are in stage of fatty degeneration, regulating the pulse and increasing the power of contractions of heart, with increased urinary secretions. Aortic valve stenosis. Most valuable in cardiac dropsy. Low vitality, with weak heart and slow, weak pulse. Hydrothorax, ascites. Anasarca.
Head: Feels light; aches across front, from occiput around temples to eyes. Vertigo on rising, turning head quickly or lying down. Tinnitus. Scalp feels tight. Eyes dilated.
Mouth: Slimy. Tongue dirty yellow, sore, feels scalded.
Heart: Mitral and aortic regurgitation. Chronic aortitis, Fatty heart pericarditis. Rheumatic Endocarditis. Precordial pain, palpitation, and dyspnoea. Marked venous engorgement. Cardiac asthma. Fatty heart. Myocarditis, irregular cardiac action, constriction and vertigo. Pulse rapid, irregular.
Aspidosperma Quebracho
Clinical: Asthma, Cardiac asthma. Fever.
Characteristics. Quebracho is a Brazilian fever remedy from which the alkaloid Astido spermine has been isolated. Hale says Queb. produces in animals respiratory paralysis, slowed heart, and paralysis of extremities. It relieves dyspnoea in phthisis and pleurisy, but without influencing the fever.
The 1x relieved asthma with livid face; and dyspnoea with cyanosis is frequently relieved by it.
Hale gives these cases as relieved by it:
1) Mitral incompetence and stenosis with severe nocturnal dyspnoea. Aortic valve stenosis.
2) Fatty heart (Queb. had no influence on the oedema, which was removed by Dig.). Jos. P. Cobb (quoted A. H., xxvii. 74) records a case of heart affection of some duration in a man, 24. There was some enlargement, especially of right side, much dyspnoea, and a slight mitral murmur.
Following this were signs of emphysema and severe attacks of asthma. Râles were heard, and “pearls” of rounded gelatinous masses were expectorated. Aspidospermine 3x gave more relief than any other remedy.
Terminalia Arjuna
Cardiac asthma and bronchodilator. Aortic valve stenosis. An astringent, demulcent, expectorant, cardiotonic, styptic, antidysenteric, urinary astringent, and has shown to be useful in fracture, ulcers, leukorrhea, diabetes, anemia, cardiomyopathy, endocarditis and cirrhosis. This homeopathic mother tincture can be used for improving cardiovascular health and it strengthens cardiac muscles and prevents any serious illness affecting it, anginal pain, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and dyslipidemia,
Helps in improving energy levels and reduces fatigue, reduces risk factors and has fewer side effects. Terminalia Arjuna is useful in both organic and functional diseases of the heart.
In fractures, pain all over the body owing to a fall and all sorts of ecchymosis.
Arjuna is also efficacious in spermatorrhoea and gonorrhea.
Spigelia
Clinical: Adenoids. Amaurosis. Angina pectoris. Mitral valve stenosis. Ciliary neuralgia. Cold. Constipation. Depression of spirits. Diaphragm, stitches in. Exophthalmic goiter. Eyes pains. Gastric catarrh. Glaucoma. Headache. Cardiac diseases, Endocarditis. Hernia, inguinal. Iritis. Jaw-joint, pain in. Neuralgia. Otalgia. Post-nasal catarrh. Prostatorrhoea. Pterygium. Rectum cancer. Rheumatism. Scarlatina. Sigmoid flexure cancer. Stammering. Strabismus. Tinnitus. Tobacco habit. Toothache. Worms.
Catarrh, with hoarseness, continual discharge of mucus from nose, dry heat without thirst, prominent eyes, distressing headache, and disposition to weep. Nocturnal catarrh, with cough. Cough in open air, with pain in chest as from excoriation. Dry cough, violent and hollow, caused by irritation low down in trachea, with respiration obstructed, even to suffocation. Short, dry cough causing soreness of chest. Shortness of breath with anxiety and redness of cheeks and lips. Dyspnoea when moving in bed; can only lie on right side or with the head very high. Danger of suffocation on least movement.
Contraction of chest, with anguish and obstructed respiration. Stitches in diaphragm with dyspnoea. Cardiac regurgitation. Pressure, burning or incisive sensation pain. Sensation of trembling in thorax. Spasmodic sensation in chest, proceeding from pit of stomach and causing choking.
Sensation in heart as if squeezed with hand or as if crushed. Lancinations in region of heart. Stitches in heart sometimes synchronous with the pulse. Sensation of cardiac trembling.
Heart beat do not correspond with those of the pulse. Pulse weak, irregular, trembling. Visible pulsation of heart. Violent, oppressive action of heart extending to top of head. Tumultuous action of heart in acute rheumatism and other acute disorders.
Needle-like stitches in upper dorsal vertebrae and in right scapula. Sensation in l. scapula as though blood were dripping through a valve, a kind of bubbling, pain in parotid gland.
Skin pale, wrinkled. Painful sensibility. Painful glandular swellings. Red pimples, with pain, as from excoriation, when touched.
Heat in face and on hands, with chill in back. At night putrid perspiration with heat at same time. Clammy perspiration. Cold perspiration.
Frequent, urgent, and ineffectual want to tool which is soft and liquid, White stools daily. Nodular stool with violent pressure. Faints during stool. Hard, difficult evacuations, with much mucus. Discharge (of large lumps) of mucus from anus, without evacuation. Discharge of faeces with worms (Ejection of lumbrici and ascarides). Itching and sensation as if something were creeping in rectum and anus. Boring stitches in perineum.
Urine, with whitish sediment. Polyuria with profuse emission, even at night. Sudden and involuntary dribbling of urine, with burning sensation in anterior part of urethra. Discharge of prostatic fluid from the urethra.
Veratrum viride
Clinical: Amaurosis. Amenorrhoea. Aortic valve stenosis. Mitral valve stenosis. Apoplexy. Asthma. Bunions. Inflammation of caecum. Chilblains. Chorea. Congestion. Convulsions. Endocarditis. Diplopia. Diaphragmitis. Dysmenorrhoea. Erysipelas. Headache, nervous; sick. Heart, affections of. Hiccough. Hyperpyrexia. Influenza. Malarial fever. Measles. Meningitis. Menses, suppressed. Myalgia. Esophagus spasm. Orchitis. Pneumonia. Proctalgia. Puerperal convulsions. Puerperal mania. Sleep dreamful. Spine, congestion. Spleen congested. Sunstroke. Typhoid fever. Uterus congestion.
Congestion of chest with rapid respiration, nausea, vomiting; dull burning in region of heart. Pneumonia and pleurisy: pulse hard, strong, quick, or slow and intermittent; lungs engorged; faint feeling in stomach; high fever, face flushed.
Palpitation and dyspnoea. Violent palpitation of heart and faint feeling. Faintness and biliousness; when rising from lying; from sudden motion; lying quietly. Pulse: slow, soft and weak; irregular, intermittent; suddenly increases and gradually decreases below normal.
Aching in neck and shoulder, almost impossible to hold head up.
Pallor with syncope. Tremor. Spasm with violent shrieks; opisthotonos; face dark blue; breath suspended; lasting two minutes and recurring after few minutes’ interval. Convulsions. Chorea, movements continuing in sleep. Haemorrhage from various organs.
Body cold but moist skin. Profuse diaphoresis and sense of utter prostration. Bathed in cold sweat. Cold, clammy sweat on forehead. Irritative fever with cerebral congestion.-Streptococcus fever; rapid and violent alternations of temperature.-Ephemeral fevers with nausea and retching.-Cerebro-spinal fever.-Typhoid.-Yellow fever.
Crawling in anus. Tenesmus and diarrhoea, copious and offensive stool, with burning of anus and pale face; tenesmus and burning before and up to stool, not during and after. Sudden excessive tenesmus. Stools: copious, light, mornings; mushy, with tenesmus and burning; bloody (black in typhoid); doughy, stringy, hard to expel; alternately soft and hard every two hours.
Smarting in urethra on urinating. Urine: scanty; very clear; turbid, with reddish sediment, and scum. Haemorrhage in fungus haematodes vesicae.
Amylenum Nitrosum
On inhaling this drug, it rapidly dilates all arterioles an capillaries, producing flushings of face, heat, and throbbing in the head: Superficial arterial hyperaemia. Palpitation of the heart and similar conditions are readily cured by it, especially the flushings and other discomforts at climacteric. Hiccough and yawning. Often relieves temporarily epileptic convulsions. Seasickness.
Head: Anxiety, as if something might happen; must have fresh air. Surging of blood to head and face; sensation as if blood would start through skin, with heat and redness. Flushings, followed by sweat at climacteric. Ears hyperaemic. Throbbing.
Chest: Dyspnoea and asthmatic feelings. Aortic valve stenosis. Great oppression and fullness of chest; spasmodic, suffocative cough. Praecordial anxiety. Tumultuous action of heart. Pain and constriction around heart. Fluttering at slightest excitement.
Sometimes followed by cold and clammy skin and profuse sweat. Throbbing throughout whole body. Abnormal sweat after influenza.
Extremities: Constant stretching for hours. Veins of hands dilated; pulsations felt in tips of fingers.
Calcarea Carbonica
Raised blood coagulability (Strontium). Is a definite stimulant to the periosteum. Palpitation at night and after eating. Aortic valve stenosis. Palpitation with feeling of coldness, with restless oppression of chest; after suppressed eruption. Pain as if sprained; can scarcely rise; from over lifting. Pain between shoulder-blades, impeding breathing. Rheumatism in lumbar region; weakness in small of back. Curvature of dorsal vertebrae. Nape of neck stiff and rigid. Renal colic. Swelling of joints, especially knee. Burning of soles of feet. Sweat of hands. Arthritic nodosities. Soles of feet raw. Feet feel cold and dead at night.
Aurum metallicum
Clinical: Alcohol’s effects. Amenorrhoea. Angina pectoris. Mitral valve stenosis. Asthma. Aortic valve stenosis. Bone affections. Breath offensive. Corpulency. Depression. Ears affections. Erethism. Erysipelas. Eye affections. Fevers. Gonorrhoea. Haemorrhages. Haemorrhoids. Hemiopia. Hydrocele. Jaundice. Leucorrhoea. Locomotor ataxy. Melancholy. Melanosis. Mercurial poisoning. Nasopharyngeal catarrh. Night terrors. Ozoena. Paralysis. Phthisis. Pining boys. Scrofula. Smell disordered. Syphilis. Testicles affections, undeveloped testes. Nodular tongue. Tumours. Uterus induration. Vertigo. Vision disordered.
Burning heat and cutting pain in right hypochondrium. Accumulation of mucus in the trachea and in the chest, which is expectorated with difficulty in the morning. Voice nasal. Cough from want of breath at night. Morning cough with tough yellow sputum.
Great difficulty of respiration at night, and on walking in the open air, requiring deep inspirations. Paroxysms of suffocation with constrictive oppression of the chest, falling, loss of sense, and facial cyanosis. Pain as if there were a plug placed under the ribs. Continuous aching in left side of the chest. Incisive pain, and obtuse shootings, near the sternum. Great weight on chest; especially on sternum. Much congestion in the chest.
Anxious palpitation of the heart, from congestion to the chest. Bradycardia sometimes by fits, sometimes with anguish and oppression of the chest. Cardiac pain extending down left arm to fingers. Floundering heart. When walking, the heart seems to shake as if it were loose. Sensation as if the heart stood still. Palpitation compels him to stop.
Neck and Back. Swollen cervical glands. Tension in neck as if muscles too short, even at rest better when stooping. Stinging pains in small of back. Gressus gallinaceous (in spine disease). Pain at lower part of spine. Pains, generally passive, or drawing and acute, in the back, chiefly in the morning, and sometimes so violent as to prevent any motion of the limbs.
Stool – Copious. Nocturnal diarrhoea. Nightly diarrhoea, with burning in the rectum. Constipation; stool very large in size, very hard and knotty.
Painful retention of urine, with urgent inclination, pressure on the bladder. Polyuria. Urine turbid like butter-milk, urine with thick mucus-like sediment.
Pulse small but accelerated. Febrile shiverings over the whole body, while in bed in the evening, followed neither by heat nor thirst. Body coldness with bluish colour of the nails (capillary blood circulation), nauseous taste with inclination to vomit. Heat of the face, with cold in upper and lower extremities. Copious general morning perspiration; mostly about genitals.
Painful urine retention, with urgent inclination and pressure on the bladder. watery (transparent) polyuria.
Baryta Carb
Dry, suffocative cough, especially in old people, full of mucus but lacking strength to expectorate, worse every change of weather. Larynx feels as if smoke were inhaled. Chronic aphonia. Stitches in chest; worse inspiration. Lungs feel full smoke.
Heart: Palpitation and distress in region of heart. Aneurysm. Aortic valve stenosis. Mitral valve stenosisAccelerates the heart’s action at first, blood pressure much increased, contraction of blood vessels. Palpitation when lying on left side, when thinking of it especially; pulse full and hard. Cardiac symptoms after suppressed foot-sweat.
Back: Swollen glands in nape of occiput. Fatty tumors about neck. Bruised pain between scapulae. Stiffness in sacrum. Weakness of spine.
Extremities: Pain in axillary glands. Cold, clammy feet. Fetid foot-sweats. Numbness of limbs. Numb feeling from knees to scrotum; disappears when sitting down. Toes and soles sore; soles painful when walking. Pain in joints; burning pains in lower limbs.
Rhus Toxicodendron
Tickling behind upper sternum. Dry, teasing cough from midnight until morning, during a chill, or when putting hands out of bed. Haemoptysis from overexertion; blood bright red. Influenza, with aching in all bones (Eup perf). Hoarseness from overtraining voice. Oppression of the chest, cannot get breath with sticking pains. Bronchial coughs in old people, worse on awaking and with expectoration of small plugs of mucus.
Heart: Hypertrophy from overexertion. Pulse quick, weak, irregular, intermittent, with numbness of left arm. Trembling and palpitation when sitting still. Aortic valve stenosis.
Back: Pain between shoulders on swallowing. Pain and stiffness in small of back; better, motion, or lying on something hard; worse, while sitting. Stiffness of the nape of the neck.
Kalium Carbonicum
Cutting pain in chest; worse lying on right side. Hoarseness and loss of voice. Dry, hard cough about 3 am, with stitching pains and dryness of pharynx. Bronchitis, whole chest is very sensitive. Expectoration scanty and tenacious, but increasing in morning and after eating; aggravated right lower chest and lying on painful side. Hydrothorax. Leaning forward relieves chest symptoms. Expectoration must be swallowed; cheesy taste; copious, offensive, lump. Coldness of chest. Wheezing. Cough with relaxed uvula. Tendency to tuberculosis; constant cold taking; better in warm climate.
Heart: Sensation as if heart were suspended. Aortic valve stenosis. Palpitation and burning in heart region. Weak, rapid pulse; intermits, due to digestive disturbance. Threatened heart failure.
Back: Great exhaustion. Stitches in region of kidneys and right scapula. Small of back feels weak. Stiffness and paralytic feeling in back. Burning in spine. Severe backache during pregnancy, and after miscarriage. Hip-disease. Pain in nates and thighs and hip-joint. Lumbago with sudden sharp pains extending up and down back and to thighs.
Lachesis
Upper part of windpipe very susceptible to touch. Sensation of suffocation and strangulation on lying down, particularly when anything is around throat; compels patient to spring from bed and rush for open window. Spasm of glottis; feels as if something ran from neck to larynx. Feels he must take a deep breath. Cramp-like distress in praecordial region. Cough; dry, suffocative fits, tickling. Little secretion and much sensitiveness; worse, pressure on larynx, after sleep, open air. Breathing almost stops on falling asleep. Larynx painful to touch. Sensation as of a plug which moves up and down, with a short cough.
Heart: Palpitation, with fainting spells, especially during climacteric. Constricted feeling causing palpitation, with anxiety. Cyanosis. Irregular beats. Aortic valve stenosis.
Strophanthus Hispidus
Strophanthus is a muscle poison; it increases the contractile power of all striped muscles. Acts on the
heart; increasing the systole and diminishes the rapidity. Aortic valve stenosis.
Dyspnoea, especially on ascending. Lungs congested. edema of lungs. Bronchial and cardiac asthma.
Heart: Pulse quickened. Heart’s action weak, rapid irregular, due to muscular debility; and insufficiency. Cardiac pain.
Apocynum Cannabinum
Short, dry cough. Respiratory short and unsatisfactory. Sighing. Oppression about epigastrium and chest.
Heart: Aortic valve stenosis. Tricuspid regurgitation; rapid and feeble, irregular cardiac action, low arterial tension, pulsating jugulars, general cyanosis and general dropsy.
Increases secretions of mucous and serous membranes and acts on cellular tissue, producing oedema and dropsy and on skin causing diaphoresis. Acute hydrocephalus. A diminished frequency of the pulse is a prime indication. This is one of our most efficient remedies, in dropsies, ascites, anasarca and hydrothorax, and urinary troubles, especially suppression and strangury. In the digestive complaints of Bright’s disease, with the nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, difficult breathing, it will be found of frequent service. The dropsy is characterized by great thirst and gastric irritability. Arrhythmia. Mitral and tricuspid regurgitation. Acute alcoholism. Relaxation of sphincters.
Apis Melifistida
Hydrothorax. Sensation of soreness in the chest. Oppression of the chest, shortness of breath, dull aching pain in the left side of the chest near the middle of the sternum. Expectoration of copious transparent, frothy, bloody mucus.
Sudden pain just below the heart, soon extending toward right chest, with suffocation. Very feeble action of the heart; violent beats, shaking the whole body; intermittent beats. Region of heart sensitive to least pressure; rasping sounds of systole and diastole unmistakably audible. Palpitation of heart from scanty secretion of urine, perfectly cured by establishing the natural quantity.
Pulse: almost imperceptible at wrist; accelerated and full; very frequent and hard; wiry; irregular and slow pulse; intermittent.
Laurocerasus
Clinical: Apoplexy, threatened. Asphyxia, neonatorum. Asthma. Cholera. Cholera infantum. Chorea. Climacteric sufferings. Convulsions. Cough. Cramps. Cyanosis. Diarrhoea. Dysmenorrhoea. Epilepsy. Heart affections. Liver affections. Metrorrhagia. Palpitation. Pneumonia, typhoid. Tetanus. Tumours. Whooping cough. Anaemic
Hoarseness, roughness, and scraping in throat and pharynx. Deep bass voice. Spasmodic constriction of the trachea. Little short cough, excited by a tickling and scraping in throat. Abundant gelatinous expectoration, with small specks of blood.
Slow, weak, anxious respiration. Rattling, stertorous respiration. Obstruction to respiration in region of stomach. Pressure on chest. Constriction of chest, with oppression. Burning and stitches in chest. In pulmonic affections, where the patient coughs and spits a great amount of phlegm, which is sprinkled over and through with distinct dots of blood; the dots may be close together, or considerably scattered (frequently seen following typhoid pneumonia).
Pains in region of heart. Slow and irregular beating of heart. The patient puts his hand to his heart, as if there was some trouble there; this may result from running a short distance, which puts him/her completely out of breath; going upstairs, walking, any exercise may bring this on.
Lithium Carbonicum.
Clinical: Albuminuria. Aneurysm. Angina Pectoris. Barber’s itch. Bubo. Dyspepsia. Eyes affections. Gallstones. Gastralgia. Glands swelling. Gout. Headaches. Heart, affections of Hemiopia. Hernia. Menstruation disorders. Nose affections. Obesity. Ossification of arteries. Prostatitis. Retina’s anaemia. Rheumatism. Spleen affections. Syphilis. Urethritis. Urinary disorders.
On inspiration air feels cold even into lungs. Violent cough in evening, while lying down, compelling to rise, without expectoration; the irritation to cough is in a little spot, posteriorly and inferiorly in throat.
Pressure in middle of chest. Constriction of chest when walking (after breakfast), followed by expectoration of much mucus, seemingly from middle of sternum.
Rheumatic soreness in region of heart. Violent pain in region of heart as he/she bent over bed, morning on rising. Sudden shock in heart. Throbbing; like a dull stitch in region of heart. Pains in heart after pains in bladder. Pains in heart before and at time of commencement of menses. Trembling and fluttering of heart (after mental agitation of a vexatious character). Pains in heart before and at time of urinating. Pressure in region of heart on rising to urinate.
Spongia Tosta.
Clinical: Aneurysm. Angina pectoris. Asthma. Catalepsy. Chin affections. Clumsiness. Constipation. Cough. Croup. Diplopia. Exophthalmos. Fainting. Goetre; exophthalmic. Heart hypertrophy. Hernia. Jaw-joint, pain in. Laryngismus. Laryngitis. Myopia. Rheumatic fever. Rheumatism. Testicles inflammation. Tuberculosis. Varicosis. Whooping cough. Worms.
Respiration, quick, anxious, and difficult, sometimes with fits of suffocation, and mucous rattling in chest. Short, panting respiration. Awakens from sleep with suffocative sensation. Fixed, lancinating, and pressive pain in region of branchia. Spasmodic, constrictive pains in whole chest (and larynx). Dyspnoea. Burning sensation, which ascends into chest. Ebullition of blood (congestions) in chest after slightest effort and least movement, with obstructed respiration, anguish, nausea, and weakness, which induces syncope.
Pains and anxiety in region of heart. Constricting, stinging, pressing pain in cardiac region. Tachycardia (before menstruation), with suffocation, violent gasping respiration, pain in heart. Rheumatic affections of valves of heart (fibrous deposit on valves). Violent palpitation of heart, beats rapid (each beat was accompanied by a loud blowing as of a bellows), awakens him after midnight, with a sense of suffocation, loud cough, great alarm, agitation, anxiety, and difficult respiration. Pulse full, hard, and frequent.
Zincum Metallicum
Clinical: Alcoholism. Amblyopia. Asthma. Brain fag. Brain paralysis. Breasts affections. Cataract. Chilblains. Chin, eruption on. Chlorosis. Cholera. Chorea. Constipation. Cracks. Dentition. Diarrhoea, nervous; with stupor. Diphtheria. Dysentery. Dysuria. Earache. Eczema. Enuresis. Eruptions; suppressed. Eyes affections; granular lids. Fag. Foot-sweat; suppressed. Gastralgia. Headache; nervous; chlorotic. Heels, pains in. Hernia, inguinal. Hiccough. Hydrocephalus. Hyperpyrexia, nervous. Hypochondriasis. Hysteria. Inframammary pain. Joints, creaking in. Ups affections. Lochia; suppressed. Malar bones, neuralgia in. Masturbation. Memory, weak. Meningitis. Mental weakness. Milk, defective; suppressed. Neuralgia; intercostal; subcostal. Neurasthenia. Nipples, sore. Nose, redness of. Nymphomania. Esophagus spasm. Otorrhoea. Photopsia. Prostatorrhoea. Ptosis. Reaction, defective. Rheumatism. Screaming. Sleepiness. Somnambulism. Spermatorrhoea. Spinal irritation. Spine affections. Spleen neuralgia. Strabismus. Suppressions. Tarsal tumours. Throat, sore. Tibial burning. Typhoid fever. Ulcers. Urine, hysterical retention of. Varicosis; during pregnancy; of external genitals. Whooping cough. Worms.
Difficult respiration and oppression, with pressive pain in the chest. Constrictive sensation around the chest, with pain in the chest. Spasmodic dyspnoea. Shortness of breath, caused by flatulence after a meal. Mucus. Cardiac palpitation. Burning sensation in chest. Pain beneath costal arches.
Tachycardia with or without anguish. Irregular movements of heart. Shocks in heart and intermittent palpitation, with suffocation. Tension and stitches in the praecordial region. Sudden, spasmodic, bursting sensation about heart. Violent pulsations in blood vessels during heat. Rapid pulse.
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